Comparison of the modified Weibull and Richards growth function for developing site index equations

A site index model based on the Weibull cumulative distribution function was fitted to three stem analysis data sets of black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill) BSP), white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) and aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.). The resulting equations were compared with those based on the modified Richards' (1959) biological growth function (Ek 1971; Payandeh 1977, 1978). The Weibull-type model performed as well as or better than the biological growth function for white spruce and aspen, respectively, but it performed less accurately in the case of black spruce. The Weibull-type model appears to behave better, i.e., it produces more realistic height growth patterns, than the Richards function upon extrapolation particularly at young ages.     

红茶色素的生物学活性及其对红茶品质影响简述

红茶色素(茶红素、茶黄素)是红茶生产过程中茶多酚类物质经过多种氧化而形成的,是红茶品质形成的关键物质;作为纯天然的有机色素,红茶色素具有清除自由基,抗氧化、抗突变、抗菌抗病毒等生物活性,本文综述了红茶色素与红茶品质关系及生物学活性的研究进展。     

白蜡木、黑胡桃木、橄榄木的干缩湿胀特性研究

实木制品的干缩湿胀性直接影响其尺寸稳定性,对白蜡木、黑胡桃木和橄榄木的干缩湿胀特性研究结果表明：三种木材全干状态下的体积干缩率分别为13.88%、10.85%、9.89%,气干状态下的体积干缩率分别为4.89%、4.71%、4.14%,气干至饱水状态下的体积湿胀率分别为18.28%、12.82%、11.54%,全干至气干状态下的体积湿胀率分别为5.94%、4.20%、3.96%。三种木材中白蜡木的干缩湿胀性最强,黑胡桃木次之,橄榄木最小。研究结果对实木制品用材含水率的控制具有一定的指导意义。     

Seasonal patterns of gastrointestinal nematode infection in goats on two Lithuanian farms

Background

This study investigated seasonal changes in naturally acquired gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infections on two Lithuanian goat farms with different parasite control practices.

Findings

On both farms, nematode faecal egg counts (FEC) and larval cultures were obtained from 15 adult and 10 young goats at bi-weekly intervals from April 2012 to April 2013. Goats on farm A were dewormed with ivermectin (0.3 mg/kg body weight) in October/November 2012, whereas the animals on farm B were left untreated. Thirteen young goats were slaughtered in August/November 2012 and April 2013 and worm burdens in the gastrointestinal tract were enumerated. In goats from both farms, Teladorsagia, Trichostrongylus, Oesophagostomum, Chabertia and Haemonchus were the dominant GIN genera. Herbage contamination with infective third-stage larvae (L₃) peaked in July/August and resulted in high FEC in September/October. Parasitological examination at slaughter showed that Teladorsagia spp. and Haemonchus contortus survived the winter, both in the abomasal mucosa as adults and as early fourth-stage larvae (EL₄). Deworming on farm A significantly reduced FEC, especially of H. contortus, at the start of the grazing period compared with the untreated farm B (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Goats were heavily infected with several GIN throughout the year. Strategic anthelmintic treatment during housing significantly reduced nematode egg output, in particular by H. contortus, at the start of the grazing season.     

Black locust (Robinia pseudoacada L.) clonal seed orchards in Hungary

Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) is one of the most important stand-forming tree species in Hungary and its importance is increasing in many countries. The main aim of the discussed new selection programme is to identify black locust clones with good performance and good form for setting up clonal seed orchards. As a result of selection programme 16 new black locust clones have been improved. In spring 2002 a black locust seed orchard was established with the newly selected clones. About 40% of the plants can be considered to belong to the height growth rate class 1 and 2. Hungary was the first country where micropropagated black locust planting material was used for seed orchard establishment.     

果内核桃举肢蛾低龄幼虫防治研究初报

核桃是山区主要经济树种之一,由于核桃举肢蛾(Atrijuglous hetaonei yang)的为害,使核桃大幅度减产、变质,甚致绝收。过去的防治目标集中在果外的各个虫态的防治,防止幼虫蛀入果内,一旦蛀入,多采取摘掉或拾毁虫果,减少了当年的收入,或者是刨树盘树上、树下多次喷药防治成虫,有条件的地区可以收到较好的效果。但是核桃多分布在山区,刨树盘难;干高冠大的树不易喷药,加上山区缺水,连续喷药不易做到。为探讨解决这一问题,1988-1991年,我们作了用高压注射机将久效磷注射到树干内,防治果内低龄幼虫的研究。     

基于黑箱法的成品卷烟外观检测设备设计与试验

针对成品卷烟外表面缺陷种类多、分类细、人工质检无法对卷烟外观的细粒度缺陷进行系统性检测的问题,设计一种成品卷烟外观检测设备,自动完成成品卷烟的外观全矢量成像和缺陷检测。利用黑箱法对检测设备的技术系统进行分析,并设计了成品卷烟检测设备,该设备主要包括储供装置、单元离散装置、外观成像装置、分拣装置和缺陷检测模型;对影响卷烟运行稳定性、卷烟无损率、成像质量的关键因素进行试验,在单元离散装置上对卷烟运行稳定性因素进行正交试验,结果表明,当滑板提升速度为0.3m/s、过渡板倾斜角为40°、辊子速度为0.045m/s时,烟支输送无斜率可达100%,无偏移率可达99.5%,在分拣装置上对造成卷烟损伤的关键因素进行正交试验,结果表明,当气缸伸缩速度为20mm/s、弹簧刚度为3N/mm时,烟支损伤率为0,对影响成像质量的关键光照因素进行试验,结果表明,光源照射角为10°、光源与烟支高差为30mm时,图像直方图的像素点与其亮度分布包络线平缓,图像清晰;最后,在设备上完成54mm×100规格烟支的检测试验,利用改进HourglassNet-YOLO v4网络模型对成像进行缺陷检测,结果表明,烟支缺陷检出准确率达到98%,缺陷分类准确率达到95.4%。试验结果表明,该设备运行稳定,能够满足成品卷烟外观检测需求。     

基于高光谱图谱融合技术的英德红茶等级快速无损判别

茶叶等级评价是检测茶叶品质的一项重要技术指标。通过提取红茶高光谱成像技术下的图像特征和光谱特征,构建一种基于图谱融合方法、适用于英德红茶等级评价的快速无损判别模型。首先制备3种不同等级的红茶样本,采用t分布-随机近邻嵌入和主成分分析对光谱数据进行降维可视化分析,然后从影响内在品质角度用连续投影法提取每种化学值的特征波长,通过多模型共识策略和竞争性自适应重加权算法-连续投影法筛选得出表征其内在品质的最佳特征波长组合,并建立基于遗传算法优化支持向量机的等级判别模型;其模型的训练集准确率为88%,预测集准确率为78.33%。为了融合外形纹理差异,先提取最佳特征波长组合对应的高光谱图像;采用图像掩膜消除背景的干扰和采用图像主成分分析消除多波长图像间的冗余信息,然后采用灰度共生矩阵和局部二值化算法提取主成分前三维主成分图像与特征光谱融合,并建立基于特征融合的遗传算法优化支持向量机等级判别模型,且基于第三主成分图像特征融合模型判别效果最佳,训练集准确率提升至98%,预测集准确率提升至96.67%。     

不同降雨年型黑膜垄作对土壤水肥环境及马铃薯产量和效益的影响

【目的】探索降水年型与垄型互作对黑膜垄作土壤水肥环境及马铃薯产量和效益的影响,解析水肥互作促进作物增产、高效用水机制,为深挖覆膜垄作技术增产潜力提供理论依据。【方法】2016—2018年布置大田试验,以当地推广应用的白膜覆盖双垄集雨耕作（WRF,垄高16 cm,垄宽60cm,沟宽40 cm）为对照,基于垄上微沟集雨耕作技术,设置由黑膜覆盖低垄（垄高16 cm,垄宽 60cm）、中垄（垄高24 cm,垄宽 60 cm）、高垄（垄高32 cm, 垄宽60 cm）+垄上微集水沟（宽20 cm,深10 cm）+垄间小集水沟（沟宽 40cm）组成的3种黑色地膜覆盖垄上微沟集雨土壤水肥调控耕作处理（BLRF,BMRF 和BHRF）,测定了马铃薯播种、出苗、现蕾、开花、结薯、成熟6个生育关键时期0—200 cm土层土壤含水量和研究期末0—30 cm土层土壤有机碳及氮磷钾养分含量,计算土壤贮水量、水分利用效率,分析土壤水、肥与马铃薯产量的相关关系。【结果】不同降水年型,黑、白地膜覆盖垄作都显著增加了马铃薯生长发育期对40—120 cm土层土壤水分的消耗。BHRF,BMRF和BLRF处理马铃薯6个生育关键时期0—200 cm土层土壤含水量和贮水量（SWS）都显著高于WRF处理（P<0.05）。较高的降水量以及黑膜覆盖集蓄增加的土壤水对120—200 cm土层的土壤水具有明显的补充作用。在干旱年（2016）和平水年（2017）,BLRF和BMRF处理的集水和保水效应较好,BHRF处理次之,都显著优于WRF处理;在丰水年（2018）三者无显著差异,也都显著优于WRF处理。研究期末（2018）黑膜垄作0—30 cm 土层的全氮全钾（TN 和TK）及速效氮磷钾（AN,AP和AK）含量均显著高于白膜垄作（P<0.05）,分别增加了4.5%—5.6%、3.6%—5.9%、8.4%—18.4%、15.3%—22.3% 和7.1%—13.3%。归因于显著增加了大薯结薯个数和结薯重,黑膜垄作马铃薯产量、WUE、纯收益和产投比均显著高于白膜垄作,3年平均分别提高了16.9%—19.0%、15.5%—19.2%、23.3%—27.3% 和12.1%—18.2%。这4个效益参数在干旱年和平水年以BLRF和BMRF处理较好、BHRF处理次之,丰水年三者都优于WRF处理,且无显著差异。相关分析表明,3年马铃薯平均产量与研究期末平均土壤氮磷钾养分含量呈显著正相关关系,与作物平均耗水量（ET）呈显著负相关关系（P<0.05）。通径分析表明,土壤AP、AK、AN含量,马铃薯生育期平均耗水量（ET）和平均降水量（GPR）解释了99.4%的产量变化。【结论】黑膜覆盖垄沟与垄上微沟的叠加集水效应显著改善土壤水分状况;水分条件的改善促进了马铃薯旺盛生长,使更多的根茎（茎叶、根等）类有机物归还土壤,其腐解释放的养分与施肥结合提高了土壤养分含量。良好的土壤水肥条件有效改善了土壤水肥互作关系,增加了作物水肥供应而显著提高马铃薯产量、WUE、纯收入和产投比。BLRF和BMRF处理在干旱年和平水年表现较好,BLRF、BMRF和BHRF处理在丰水年表现较好,BLRF和BMRF处理在各种年型都有良好的表现。因此,黑膜覆盖低、中垄垄上微沟集雨耕作（BLRF和BMRF）是继白膜覆盖双垄集雨耕作（WRF）之后最适用于半干旱区的马铃薯高产高效栽培模式。     

Nonphytotoxic copper oxide nanoparticles are powerful “nanoweapons” that trigger resistance in tobacco against the soil-borne fungal pathogen Phytophthora nicotianae

Investigations into the potential application of nanoparticles acting as nanofungicides in sustainable agriculture are rapidly expanding due to the high antimicrobial properties of these compounds, which do not risk inducing pathogen resistance to fungicides.  A detailed understanding of the impact of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) on soil-borne phytopathogenic fungi is yet to be obtained.  This study aimed to explore the in vitro antifungal activity and control efficacy of CuO NPs applied via irrigation with respect to tobacco black shank (TBS) disease caused by Phytophthora nicotianae.  The results revealed that CuO NPs greatly interfered with the reproductive growth process of this fungus, repressing hyphal growth, spore germination and sporangium production.  Additionally, morphological damage, intracellular ROS accumulation and increased SOD enzyme activity in hyphae were the antifungicidal mechanisms of these NPs.  In pot experiments, treatment with CuO NPs at 100 mg L^–1 significantly suppressed TBS development, compared with the effect on control plants, and the control efficacy reached 33.69% without inducing phytotoxicity.  Exposure to CuO NPs significantly activated a series of defense enzymes, and resistance genes in tobacco can further explain the mechanisms by which CuO NPs suppressed fungal infection.  The Cu content in both the leaves and roots of P. nicotianae-infested plants increased by 50.03 and 27.25%, respectively, after treatment with 100 mg L^–1 CuO NPs, compared with that of healthy plants.  In particular, a higher Cu content was observed in infected roots than in leaves.  Therefore, this study showed the potential of CuO NPs applied as nanofungicides and as nanoinducers of fungus resistance genes for the management of TBS through inhibition of pathogen infection and stimulation of plant defenses.