不同杀虫剂对稻田节肢动物群落的影响

研究了大田条件下施用甲胺磷、扑虱灵对节肢动物群落的影响及施药后害虫和天敌的种群消长动态，并以多样性、丰富度、均匀度及群落的丰盛度等生态学参数来衡量２种农药产生的生态效应及对稻田节肢动物群落的时空分布。结果表明，施用甲胺磷田块的节肢动物各类群数量都急剧下降，害虫类恢复较快，天敌则比较缓慢，群体数量的急剧变化使得群落稳定性降低；喷施扑虱灵的田块，叶蝉、飞虱类等害虫数量明显下降且不易恢复，天敌类稍有下降。初步认为，在稻田使用选择性杀虫剂扑虱灵对群落物种数的恢复与保持群落的自我调节能力与自然控制力有重要作用。     

广西甘蔗主产区二点螟对防治农药的敏感性测定

[目的]通过抗药性监测,摸清广西主要蔗区二点螟对防治农药的敏感性,以期为广西甘蔗二点螟的合理用药及抗性治理提供参考.[方法]采用点滴法,测定广西主要蔗区二点螟种群对当前主要防治农药克百威、特丁磷和毒死蜱及新推广农药氯虫苯甲酰胺的敏感性.[结果]甘蔗二点螟对不同农药的敏感性由强到弱依次为:氯虫苯甲酰胺＞克百威＞特丁磷＞毒死蜱.不同蔗区二点螟种群对同一种农药的敏感性存在明显差异,克百威以南宁种群的耐药性最强,特丁磷以来宾种群的耐药性最强,毒死蜱以百色种群的耐药性最强,氯虫苯甲酰胺对各地二点螟种群仍保持高度敏感,其致死中量为0.4177～0.6087μg/g.不同蔗区二点螟种群对农药反应的分散程度由大到小依次为:氯虫苯甲酰胺＞克百威＞毒死蜱＞特丁磷.[结论]甘蔗二点螟对克百威、毒死蜱和特丁磷已产生不同程度的耐药性,对氯虫苯甲酰胺仍然保持高度敏感,但二点螟对氯虫苯甲酰胺产生抗药性的风险相对较高.     

Management of Bemisia tabaci biotype B with botanical and mineral oils

While the toxic effects of neem, Azadirachta indica A. Juss, on Bemisia tabaci Genn. are well documented, few studies have evaluated other oils. We compared neem, sesame, citrus, castor, vegetable and mineral oils (1% v/v) to a chemical standard thiamethoxam (0.17 g A.I./L) against B. tabaci biotype B life stages on dry bean plants Phaseolus vulgaris L. under screenhouse conditions. Oils and thiamethoxam exhibited low ovicidal activity (<10% egg mortality). However, significant mortality occurred due to the residual activity to 1st instars that emerged from treated eggs. Overall, impacts of egg treatments were greatest for thiamethoxam (77% total mortality for eggs and 1st instars) compared with oils which were statistically similar (22–29% mortality). Larvicidal effect of oils (against 2nd instars) was greater than ovicidal effects. Highest nymphal mortality (>81%) was achieved with castor, sesame, citrus and neem oils, which was significantly greater than for thiamethoxam (65% mortality). Adult whiteflies were exposed to fresh and aged spray residues, rather than being sprayed directly. In this case, comparatively lower efficacy was achieved from oil treatments compared with thiamethoxam. While some mortality was observed from fresh residues of slow drying oils (up to 41% for castor oil), no significant control from any oil residues >3 days old was observed in our tests. The different route of exposure against adults likely reduced the effectiveness of oil treatments which act directly on the cuticle. In trials with viruliferous adult whiteflies exposed to fresh residues, none of the tested products completely prevented transmission of bean golden mosaic virus (BGMV). However, we noted reduced virus severity ratings from plants pre-treated with castor and citrus oil. We conclude that castor, sesame, citrus and neem oils have the potential to be used in whitefly management programs.     

九种杀虫剂防治苏铁小灰蝶的药效试验

为了筛选控制苏铁小灰蝶(Chilades pandava)的有效药剂,通过室内毒力测定和田间药效试验研究9种杀虫剂对苏铁小灰蝶的防治效果。结果表明,48%毒死蜱乳油1 000倍液、90%晶体敌百虫1 000倍液、2%甲维盐(甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐)微乳剂1 500倍液和20%康宽(氯虫苯甲酰胺)悬浮剂3 000倍液室内施药后72 h对苏铁小灰蝶3龄幼虫的校正死亡率分别达到100.00%、95.00%、93.35%、100.00%,田间施药后1、3、7 d,4种杀虫剂对苏铁小灰蝶的虫口减退率和田间防治效果均在90%以上。其次是2.5%功夫(高效氯氟氰菊酯)微乳剂3 000倍液、2.5%劲彪(高效氯氟氰菊酯)乳油3 000倍液、1.8%阿维菌素乳油1 000倍液、10%除尽(虫螨腈)悬浮剂1 500倍液也表现出良好的杀虫效果,室内施药后72 h,4种杀虫剂对苏铁小灰蝶3龄幼虫的校正死亡率分别达88.35%、80.00%、88.35%、85.00%;田间施药后3、7 d,4种杀虫剂对苏铁小灰蝶的虫口减退率和防治效果均达80%以上;2.5%敌杀死(溴氰菊酯)乳油杀虫效果最差,室内施药后72 h,对苏铁小灰蝶3龄幼虫的校正死亡率为78.35%,田间施药后1、3、7 d,对苏铁小灰蝶的虫口减退率和防治效果均在70%以下。     

Insecticide resistance in house flies from caged‐layer poultry facilities

The frequency of resistance of eight strains of house flies, Musca domestica L., collected from caged‐layer poultry facilities across New York state, to nine insecticides (dimethoate, tetrachlorvinphos, permethrin, cyfluthrin, pyrethrins, methomyl, fipronil, spinosad and cyromazine) was measured relative to a laboratory susceptible strain. Percentage survival was evaluated at five diagnostic concentrations: susceptible strain LC₉₉, 3 × LC₉₉, 10 × LC₉₉, 30 × LC₉₉ and 100 × LC₉₉. The highest levels of resistance were noted for tetrachlorvinphos, permethrin and cyfluthrin. There was substantial variation in the levels of resistance to the different insecticides from one facility to another, independent of their geographical location. There was very little cross‐resistance detected in these populations to either fipronil or spinosad. Overall, there was a good correlation between insecticide use histories and the levels of resistance. The apparent isolation of fly populations within poultry facilities suggests that there are good opportunities for the implementation of successful resistance management strategies at these facilities. Differences between these results and those of a resistance survey on New York dairy farms in 1987 are discussed. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

A three‐year field study on the short‐term effects of insecticides used to control cereal aphids on plant‐dwelling aphid predators in winter wheat

Short‐term effects of six insecticides used to control aphids were assessed in wheat on plant‐dwelling aphid predators. Products were applied to small plots of winter wheat in June or at the beginning of July and the densities of predators were estimated three days after treatment using a beating method. Insecticides were tested in 1994, 1995 and 1997 at a single dose, corresponding to their maximum recommended field rate in Belgium. Fluvalinate and esfenvalerate did not significantly reduce catches of syrphid larvae compared to the control but ladybirds were affected by these compounds. Pirimicarb was the only product tested that had no effect on ladybirds. However, syrphid larvae appeared sensitive to this product. Cyfluthrin, deltamethrin and phosalone reduced catches of both syrphids and ladybirds. Populations of lacewing larvae were unaffected by any of the insecticide treatments. Syrphid larvae were the most abundant aphid predator and Episyrphus balteatus the most common species. Ladybirds (Coccinella septempunctata and Propylea quatuordecimpunctata) were less numerous and only a few Chrysoperla carnea larvae were recorded. These results indicate that products that are less toxic to syrphid larvae, like esfenvalerate and fluvalinate, may be preferable to other compounds to control cereal aphids in wheat in spring and early summer. However, other criteria, such as the effectiveness of the different aphid‐specific predators, cost, efficacy of the treatment and side effects on other aphid antagonists (including parasitic hymenoptera and polyphagous predators) must also be taken into consideration. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

Binding activity of substituted benzyl derivatives of chloronicotinyl insecticides to housefly‐head membranes,and its relationship to insecticidal activity against the housefly Musca domestica

Variously substituted benzyl derivatives of chloronicotinyl insecticides were synthesized with a wide range of substituents including halogens, NO₂, CN, CF₃ and small alkyl and alkoxy groups at the ortho, meta and para positions, as well as multiple‐substituted benzyl analogues. Their binding activity to the α‐bungarotoxin binding site in housefly (Musca domestica) head membrane preparations was measured. Among the compounds tested, the activity of the meta‐CN derivative was the highest, being 20–100 times higher than those of imidacloprid, acetamiprid and nitenpyram. The synergized insecticidal activity against houseflies was also measured for selected compounds with the metabolic inhibitor, NIA16388 (propargyl propyl phenylphosphonate). For the nitromethylene analogues, including both benzyl and pyridylmethyl analogues, higher binding activity usually resulted in higher insecticidal activity. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

A New Group of Plant-Derived Naphthoquinone Pesticides

A series of compounds with structures based on insecticidal/acaricidal naphthoquinones isolated from Calceolaria andina has been synthesised. A feature of the series is the lack of resistance shown by strains resistant to established classes of pesticides. The importance for activity of the tetra-substituted carbon atom in the side-chain, as observed in the natural products, has been investigated. In analogues with acyclic side-chains the position of the tetra-substituted carbon for optimum activity was dependent on the length of the side-chain. With cyclic side-chains, activity was dependent on the size of the ring, the number and position of the substituents therein. Activity of the compounds examined was particularly high against Bemisia tabaci and Tetranychus urticae in direct-contact tests, but was much lower than expected in leaf-dip tests. A partial improvement based on formulation has been demonstrated. © 1997 SCI     

Patterns of resistance to organophosphate insecticides in field populations of Helicoverpa armigera in Pakistan

The pattern of organophosphate resistance in field populations of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) was monitored in Pakistan from 1994 through 1997 using an IRAC leaf-dip method. Generally, moderate to high resistance was found to an orthophosphorate, monocrotophos and to a dithiophosphorate, ethion. Resistance to the commonly used thiophosphorates, chlorpyrifos and profenofos, was very low during 1994 and 1995 but showed an upward trend during 1996 and 1997. Resistance factors to the other thiophosphorates such as quinalphos, parathion-methyl, methamidophos and triazophos remained very low. Baseline lethal concentrations for ethion, methamidophos and triazophos were at least four to five times higher than those for the other organophosphates tested, suggesting their low intrinsic efficacy against H armigera. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

Monitoring insecticide resistance in house flies (Diptera: Muscidae) from New York dairies

House flies were collected from dairies across New York state and the levels of resistance to seven insecticides were measured using standard laboratory assays with three to five diagnostic concentrations. The highest levels of resistance were found for tetrachlorvinphos, permethrin and cyfluthrin. Although levels of resistance to methomyl were somewhat lower, they were among the highest ever reported for field‐collected house flies. Resistance to pyrethrins was limited primarily to the lowest diagnostic concentration. House flies were susceptible to fipronil at all dairies, suggesting that this material would be highly effective for fly control. The levels of resistance were similar at all the dairies, irrespective of their insecticide use, suggesting substantial movement of flies between facilities. Relative to resistance levels found at New York dairies in 1987, resistance levels had increased for permethrin, were unchanged for tetrachlorvinphos and had decreased for dimethoate. To identify a single diagnostic concentration that could be used in the laboratory assays to assess accurately resistance levels in future studies, we carried out a ‘simulated’ field bioassay using formulated materials. A diagnostic concentration for each insecticide is proposed on the basis of a comparison of our bioassays. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry