防治水稻白背飞虱高毒农药替代药剂的室内筛选及对吡虫啉的抗性风险评估

 为筛选高毒农药的替代药剂,采用稻茎浸渍法测定了7类共21种杀虫剂对2006年和2007年采自南京市江浦地区的白背飞虱种群3龄若虫的毒力。结果表明,噻虫嗪、吡虫啉、噻嗪酮对白背飞虱3龄若虫的毒力最高(LC50=004~026 mg/L);烯啶虫胺、丁烯氟虫腈、吡蚜酮、啶虫咪、氯噻啉、毒死蜱、氟虫腈等也有较高的毒力(LC50＜4.50 mg/L）;异丙威、敌敌畏虽然触杀毒力稍低(LC50＞19.85 mg/L),但两者在生产上仍广泛应用,所以把以上12种药剂作为田间药效试验的推荐品种;同时还比较了该地区白背飞虱种群对供试药剂敏感性的年度间差异,其中对毒死蜱、异丙威、丁硫克百威、速灭威这4种药剂的敏感性下降了66.7%~71.4%。对2006年南京江浦种群用吡虫啉连续筛选15代的结果表明,1~15代抗性上升433倍,抗性现实遗传力为0.2295,存在抗性风险。另外,还讨论了白背飞虱的综合防治。     

Side-effects of botanical insecticides derived from Meliaceae on coccinellid predators of the date palm scale

Bioassays were conducted in Mauritania to determine the toxicity of botanical insecticides from the tree Melia volkensii Gürke (Meliaceae) to ladybird predators (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the date palm scale, Parlatoria planchardi Targ. (Homoptera: Diaspididae). M. volkensii seed extract was formulated in neem oil or a mixture of neem and maize oil. Three preparations were tested on Chilocorus bipustulatus L. var. iranensis, an introduced species, and one on the indigenous Pharoscymnus anchorago F., a species already used in previous bioassays. Fourth instar larvae were exposed for 2 days to treated scale-infested date palm leaves. The botanical insecticides were toxic to C. bipustulatus. Median lethal application rates (LR₅₀s) were close to the recommended application rate of 1 l/ha. In contrast, P. anchorago showed no increased mortality at this rate. Hazard quotients (application rate divided by the LR₅₀) were generally less than 2, suggesting a low risk for both species. However, risk mitigation measures are recommended when using oil formulations because the threshold value for C. bipustulatus, the more susceptible of the two ladybird species, would be exceeded at higher dose rates or when conducting multiple applications. Sublethal effects included an extension of the larval stage and morphogenetic defects. These effects were again more pronounced in C. bipustulatus than in P. anchorago.     

新疆B型烟粉虱对不同类型杀虫剂的敏感性测定与分析

[目的]对近年来新疆B型烟粉虱对不同类型杀虫剂的敏感性特征及其发展变化进行了研究,为该害虫在新疆的化学防治及抗药性治理(IRM)策略提供科学依据.[方法]应用着卵叶片浸渍法和浸叶法比较测定了新疆部分地区B型烟粉虱对不同类型杀虫剂的敏感性.[结果]由于长期用药防治烟粉虱,在新疆不同区域和寄主上B型烟粉虱对杀虫剂的敏感性出现了分化.[结论]被测种群对毒死蜱、噻虫嗪及天然除虫菊酯的敏感度低,LC50值分别为71.662～330.855、223.028～242.420和107.117～164.639 mg/L,属于抗性治理的重点品种;对吡虫啉、溴氰菊酯和氟虫腈的LC50值分别为43.47～67.496、27.881～61.688和21.808～43.768 mg/L,具有较高的抗药性风险,应当重点监测其抗性发展程度;对吡虫清、苦参·烟碱乳油等药剂敏感性高,属于重点保护的农药品种,可以在新疆烟粉虱的化学防治使用.另外,除了大剂量、高频率使用杀虫剂的温室烟粉虱品系ZH-O对吡丙醚产生了超过3 000倍的抗性外,其余各品系对吡丙醚表现敏感,该药剂仍可作为烟粉虱治理的重要品种之一.     

3种拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂对小白菜幼苗叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量的影响

[目的]探究拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂对小白菜叶绿素含量的影响。[方法]在人工气候培养箱中培育小白菜幼苗,至三叶一心时,用微量注射器分别用10μl不同浓度的氟氯氰菊酯、氯氟氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯处理第3片叶片,24 h后测定小白菜幼苗叶绿素和类胡萝卜素的含量。[结果]氯氟氰菊酯和稀释500、1 000倍的溴氰菊酯导致小白菜幼苗叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素总量、类胡萝卜素含量、叶绿素a/b值上升;氟氯氰菊酯和稀释1 500倍的溴氰菊酯则导致小白菜幼苗叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素总量、类胡萝卜素含量下降,叶绿素a/b值上升。[结论]氯氟氰菊酯和高浓度的溴氰菊酯处理对小白菜生长有促进作用,氟氯氰菊酯和低浓度的溴氰菊酯处理对小白菜生长有胁迫作用。     

Integration of soil applied neonicotinoid insecticides and acibenzolar-S-methyl for systemic acquired resistance (SAR) control of citrus canker on young citrus trees

Soil application of systemic neonicotinoid insecticides for control of psyllid vectors of Huanglongbing disease on young citrus trees also produces season-long SAR control of citrus canker caused by Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri Schaad et al. The neonicotinoids imidacloprid (IMID) and thiamethoxam (THIA) were compared with soil or sprinkler applications of the commercial SAR inducer acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM) and foliar sprays of copper hydroxide (CH) and/or streptomycin (STREP) to evaluate their effects on the percentage of canker-infected leaves on 2-yr-old ‘Vernia’ orange and 3-yr-old ‘Ray Ruby’ grapefruit trees in Southeast Florida. All treatments significantly reduced the incidence of foliar canker compared to the untreated check. Soil drenches of ASM and season long rotations with IMID and THIA were highly effective for suppressing foliar canker on young grapefruit and orange trees under weather conditions absent of high intensity rains or tropical storms. Sprinkler application of ASM was less effective than soil drench. The level of control for SAR treatments was comparable to eleven 21-day interval sprays of CH and/or STREP. SAR induced by soil-applied insecticides provides substantial benefits for canker disease management on young citrus trees that may be augmented with ASM.     

植物源农药的研究

植物源农药就其低毒、低残留、与环境和谐、对非靶标生物相对安全等优点,符合现代环保和人们健康的要求而越来越引起人们的高度重视。本文综述植物源农药的资源、植物源农药杀虫剂、杀菌剂和除草剂等的研究进展。     

Management of Bemisia tabaci biotype B with botanical and mineral oils

While the toxic effects of neem, Azadirachta indica A. Juss, on Bemisia tabaci Genn. are well documented, few studies have evaluated other oils. We compared neem, sesame, citrus, castor, vegetable and mineral oils (1% v/v) to a chemical standard thiamethoxam (0.17 g A.I./L) against B. tabaci biotype B life stages on dry bean plants Phaseolus vulgaris L. under screenhouse conditions. Oils and thiamethoxam exhibited low ovicidal activity (<10% egg mortality). However, significant mortality occurred due to the residual activity to 1st instars that emerged from treated eggs. Overall, impacts of egg treatments were greatest for thiamethoxam (77% total mortality for eggs and 1st instars) compared with oils which were statistically similar (22–29% mortality). Larvicidal effect of oils (against 2nd instars) was greater than ovicidal effects. Highest nymphal mortality (>81%) was achieved with castor, sesame, citrus and neem oils, which was significantly greater than for thiamethoxam (65% mortality). Adult whiteflies were exposed to fresh and aged spray residues, rather than being sprayed directly. In this case, comparatively lower efficacy was achieved from oil treatments compared with thiamethoxam. While some mortality was observed from fresh residues of slow drying oils (up to 41% for castor oil), no significant control from any oil residues >3 days old was observed in our tests. The different route of exposure against adults likely reduced the effectiveness of oil treatments which act directly on the cuticle. In trials with viruliferous adult whiteflies exposed to fresh residues, none of the tested products completely prevented transmission of bean golden mosaic virus (BGMV). However, we noted reduced virus severity ratings from plants pre-treated with castor and citrus oil. We conclude that castor, sesame, citrus and neem oils have the potential to be used in whitefly management programs.     

几种杀虫剂对小菜蛾防治效果比较

通过调查死亡数这项指标比较了3种杀虫剂对蔬菜小菜蛾的田间药效,试验结果表明:4000×的1%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐乳油对小菜蛾的防治效果最好,其次是1.8%阿维菌素乳油,2.5%高效氯氟氰菊脂微乳剂防治效果较差。     

小麦-天敌-农药-麦蚜复合系统的多目标最优化研究

运用多目标最优化理论——SWT法探讨了小麦—天敌—农药—麦蚜系统的优化问题,得到了使经济效益(小麦产量)、环境效益(农药浓度)和社会效益(天敌量)综合最佳的麦蚜种群最优动态参数。结论与决策结果及大田实际表现一致。SWT法结果准确、灵活性大、适用面广且对话性强,可作为专家系统中的一个有力的决策工具,文中给出了SWT法的通用BASIC程序,从而使大小规模的问题解决均成现实。     

云南烟蚜的抗药性差异研究初报

 用“浸渍法”检测了云南省7个烟区11个地方的烟蚜种群对有机磷类（50%甲胺磷乳油）、氨基甲酸酯类（90%万灵可湿性粉剂）及拟除虫菊酯类（2.5%功夫乳油）的抗性现状。结果表明,不同烟区的烟蚜对3种农药的抗性差异较大,丽江石古、丽江斜阳及丽江中果的烟蚜种群对3种农药的抗性最低,而大理巍山及楚雄菊花村等地的烟蚜种群对3种农药的抗性较其它地方高。不同地方的烟蚜种群对有机磷、氨基甲酸酯、拟除虫菊酯3大类农药均产生了不同程度的抗性。