Highlights of progress in silage conservation and future perspectives

Highlights of progress in the production of silage over the past 50 years include the introduction of improved hybrids of maize (Zea mays L.), the forage harvester, the big baler, polyethylene covering for horizontal silos, stretch‐wrap film for bales and novel additives designed to improve the fermentation and aerobic stability of silage. The key biochemical pathways in the silage fermentation have been described together with the effects of microbial and chemical additives on fermentation and aerobic stability during the feed‐out phase. The significance of oxygen and water in silage fermentation has been quantified and efficacy of covering silos has been established, with recent progress in the development of oxygen barrier film. Future perspectives include improving food safety and animal health by increasing the hygienic quality of silage, reducing the environmental impact of silage by decreasing loss of nitrogen to soil and atmosphere, reducing methanogenesis in the rumen and increasing methane yield from silage as biofuel, and the use of silages as feedstocks for multiple end uses in biorefineries.     

热裂解生物质气发动机怠速燃烧及排放特性

为了研究热裂解生物质气发动机的怠速燃烧特性及控制怠速排放的方法,利用低热值热裂解生物质气作为内燃机的燃料,采集火花点火生物质气发动机怠速运转时的示功图及怠速排放指标,分析了发动机怠速放热率、燃烧参数及排放特性。试验结果表明：不完全燃烧及燃烧参数的变化主要是由于缸内充量的波动及火焰发展的差异而造成的;怠速失火和不完全燃烧现象,导致发动机的怠速CO排放为4.07%～4.32%、HC排放为350×10-6～400×10-6;怠速运转时存在0.2～0.4 BSU的碳烟排放。减小缸内充量的波动性可以有效改善非正常燃烧现象并降低怠速排放。     

塞流式沼气池气动搅拌装置的研究

针对我国现存塞流式沼气池结构简单、产气效率低、无气动搅拌装置的问题,设计了一种强制回流沼气搅拌装置。该装置利用小功率电动风机,把沼气池内新鲜沼气重新打回到沼气池中。该装置已在山西阳泉牛家峪村沼气工程中投入使用。通过16次配对比较试验,结果表明:当搅拌装置每天搅拌10min时,沼气池产气效率可提高38%～100%。与国内现有的气动搅拌相比,本气动搅拌装置动力强、耐腐蚀、操作简单。     

清洁发展机制(CDM)对中国农村沼气工程经济性影响

按中国农村户用沼气池的不同适用对象分类对其运行成本分别进行了研究,并分析了其不同的温室气体减排效果以及在清洁发展机制(CDM)下出售这些减排权(CERs)可以带来的额外经济效益,对改善沼气工程直接经济效益的措施进行了讨论。结果表明:沼气工程直接经济效益不高,在清洁发展机制(CDM)下通过出售减排权(CERs),经济性可得到改善。沼气项目对于燃煤的农户将具有市场竞争力和投资吸引力。     

The Effect of Spraying Concentrated Biogas on Growth and Physiological Characteristics of Cotton Seedling

[Objective] The effect of concentrated biogas slurry on growth and physiological characteristics of cotton seedlings was studied in this experiment, and theoretical basis for the rational application of concentrated biogas slurry was provided. [Method] Potted cotton seedlings was sprayed by five different dosages of concentrated biogas slurry, the impact of different spraying quantity (163 mL·hm^－2, 326 mL·hm^－2, 489 mL·hm^－2, 668 mL·hm^－2, 815 mL·hm^－2) after spraying time (after spraying 2nd day, 4th day, 6th day) on cotton seedlings growth and physiological indexes were studied. [Results] The results showed that the suitable quantity of spraying of concentrated biogas slurry had promoting effect to the cotton growth and development, the excess concentrated biogas slurry could inhibit the growth of cotton seedlings. The plant height, dry weight per plant and leaf area of spraying 489 mL·hm^－2 processing are the highest, the average of two batches on the 6th day after spraying are 21.15%, 35.95%, 18.84% higher than CK, respectively. Spraying concentrated biogas slurry can improve cotton seedlings chlorophyll content, soluble sugar contents, soluble protein content. Spraying 489 mL·hm^－2 processing is the highest in both batches, the average of two batches is 18.84%, 24.03%, 3.16% higher than CK, respectively. The result of concentrated biogas slurry onseedlings leaves took effect quickly, especially in 0～4th days. [Conclusion] It is concluded that the suitable amount of concentrated biogas slurry has a positive effect on the growth and physiological characteristics of cotton seedlings, which is beneficial to the formation of strong seedlings of cotton and provides the basis for the later growth of cotton.     

沼液配施化肥对太湖地区水蜜桃品质及土壤氮素累积的影响

将沼液农田回用是有机废弃物资源化与循环利用的重要途径。以7年生蜜露桃树为供试材料,通过连续2年牛粪沼液和水葫芦沼液的果园田间施用试验,研究等氮量条件下不同比例沼液与化肥配施对水蜜桃果实大小、 单重、 产量和果实品质及土壤矿质氮积累状况的影响。结果表明, 1）水葫芦沼液、 牛粪沼液和化肥配施可提高水蜜桃的产量与品质,在水葫芦沼液25% 配施比例、 牛粪沼液50% 配施比例下产量及果实的可溶性固形物、 糖分含量分别为最高,水葫芦及牛粪沼液中的水分含量是影响桃树产量和品质的关键因子,其适宜用量为200 kg/(planta); 2）各施肥处理土壤NH+4含量随土壤深度增加呈递减趋势; 沼液比例过高（75%和100%）会导致土壤硝酸盐在表层和近地下水层的累积,比例低下则硝酸盐累积不明显; 习惯施肥（过量施肥）和低比例沼液（相应的高化肥比例）处理硝酸盐主要累积于犁底层之上; 3） 连续2年在沼液灌溉条件下,25%的水葫芦沼液、 50%的牛粪沼液配施比例处理其近地下水层土壤硝酸盐含量均低于15 mg/kg,处于安全可控范围,但在该地区（高地下水水位）进行长期沼液灌溉尚需进一步观测和评价。     

适用于猪场沼液处理的好氧反硝化菌筛选及其脱氮特性评价

试验旨在筛选适合于猪场沼液处理的好氧反硝化菌。从活性污泥中分离获得 16 株好氧反硝化菌,其中菌株 ZH-14 的总氮(TN)和硝酸盐氮的去除效果最好,分别达到 50.73%和 99.99%。该菌株经过平板形态观察、功能基因和 16S rDNA 基因分析,鉴定为施氏假单胞菌(Pseudomonas stutzeri)。结果表明:菌株 ZH-14 在硝酸钾为唯一氮源培养基中生长时,48 h 后硝酸盐氮与 TN 的降解率分别为 100%和41.76%;以亚硝酸钠为唯一氮源培养时,亚硝酸盐氮降解率为 99.24%;以氨氮为唯一氮源培养时,氨氮的降解率达 94.1%;使用菌株 ZH-14 处理畜禽沼液,当其接种终浓度为 107 CFU/mL 时,经过 48 h 处理,氨氮、硝酸盐氮和化学需氧量的去除率分别为 54.4%、97.7%和 77.9%。综上表明,菌株 ZH-14 具有较强的反硝化和处理猪场沼液的能力,具有良好的应用开发前景。     

物化法去除糖蜜酒精废水硫酸盐效果及其产气性能的比较

糖蜜酒精废水中高浓度的硫酸盐会抑制生化处理产甲烷性能。该文采用活性炭、Ba Cl2·2H2O、Ca(OH)2及铁碳微电池法对糖蜜酒精废水中的硫酸盐进行预处理,并分析了预处理前后硫酸根及化学需氧量COD的变化,同时,也分析评价了几种方法对产气性能的影响。结果表明:在500.0 g糖蜜酒精废水中加入8.0 g活性炭,硫酸根去除率达80.0%以上,且产气性能相对最好,累计产气率可达437.3 m L/g。在500.0 g糖蜜酒精废水中,根据S元素含量和Ba SO4的分子组成比例,添加70%的化学试剂Ba Cl2·2H2O,能全部去除硫酸根,累计产气率可达483.2 m L/g,产气效果相对最好,同等条件下,添加70%的Ca(OH)2,硫酸根也能全部去除,累计产气率可达436.6 m L/g。铁碳微电池处理的糖蜜酒精废水,能有效抑制硫酸根的影响,并且可以提高废水的可生化性,累计产气率为451.0 m L/g,是对照处理293.1 m L/g的1.5倍。各处理效果的产气性能排序为70%Ba Cl2·2H2O铁碳微电池8.0 g活性炭吸附70%Ca(OH)2对照组。     

施用沼肥对枣树长势与产量的影响

研究不同沼肥施用方式下的枣树长势与产量变化,结果表明:在年生长周期内枣树枝干生理生长在夏季最快,基径、树高、梢粗和梢长的增长量最大;枣树叶片的生理生长在春季最快,叶片厚度、叶绿素含量及叶面积指数增长量最大;沼液根施促进枣树基径生长发育,沼液喷施促进树体高度、梢条和叶片的生长发育,同时明显提高了叶片中叶绿素含量和叶面积指数;沼液喷施可提高枣树果实的单果重和产量,并在一定程度上改善果形指数;沼肥应用效果以沼液喷施为最佳。     

以沼气为纽带的生态农业模式优势潜力分析——以河南省伊川县路庙村为例

本文以河南省伊川县路庙村为例,以户为单位,评价分析该地区发展沼气为纽带的生态农业模式的优势潜力,在该地区发展沼气农业具有明显的经济、生态、社会三大效益外,对构建和谐社会和建设社会主义新农村有重要作用,具有很大的发展潜力和应用推广前景。