生物转化玉米浆生产生物菌肥的共生发酵特性

玉米深加工是全球第二大宗农产品加工行业,玉米淀粉制备过程中产生大量的副产物,如玉米浆（Maize Steep Liquor, MSL）。玉米浆色深味重、毒素含量高、处理困难,已经成为众多玉米深加工企业发展的桎梏。该研究主要利用玉米浆中丰富的速效氮源和微生物的促生长因子进行微生物菌肥的开发。通过对前期筛选到的3株植物根际促生菌（PGPMs）的共生发酵研究,评估了3种菌在玉米浆中高密度发酵的可行性,并对发酵特性进行了研究。试验结果表明,三种菌通过共生发酵,并在模拟流加工业废料结晶糖母液作为补料时,发酵体系中的总生物量从6.6×109提升到了2.17×1010 CFU/mL,并在52 h氨基酸态氮含量达到最大。同时,采用葡萄糖模拟结晶葡萄糖母液流加补料显著提高了共生体系的总糖以及溶磷的利用率,可溶性磷利用率提高了近50%;此外,添加葡萄糖还能保持发酵体系的pH值稳定,奠定了生产稳定性。该研究为玉米浆的再利用提供了一种解决方法,对低成本生物肥料的开发与生产提供了一种新的思路。     

硅酸盐细菌与化肥配施对土壤养分的转化和烤烟生长发育的影响

研究了硅酸盐细菌与化肥配施对烤因和土壤的综合效应。结果表明：硅酸盐细菌能明显地促进土壤养分的转化，促进烟株对养分的吸收利用和生长发育，配合一定量的氮、磷、钾化肥施用效果更好。氮、磷、钾的转化效果分别比对照高１０．４％～５７．９％、１０．３％～２８．０％、２．６％～６７．３％，并能明显地促进烟株的生长发育。     

杨梅园土壤优势放线菌的分离及其防病促生功能

【目的】分离、筛选杨梅园植物根系和根际土壤优势放线菌,探究放线菌种群数量与分布的季节性特征,分析其在生物防治与促进植物生长上的应用潜力。【方法】采集不同季节杨梅园内植物根系及根际土壤样品,采用稀释平板法进行优势放线菌的分离纯化。采用选择培养基分析优势放线菌固氮、溶磷、解钾等植物根际促生菌（PGPR）特性,CAS平板检测铁载体产生能力,Salkowski显色法检测吲哚乙酸（IAA）产生能力,比色法检测ACC脱氨酶活性。对具备优良促生特性的菌株进行试管促生效应鉴定,并采用平板对峙法和发酵液牛津杯法分析其抗菌活性。最后,对特性良好的菌株通过形态观测、生理生化试验和16S rDNA序列分析确定其分类地位。【结果】从不同海拔的两个杨梅园中共分离到优势放线菌127株,其中植物根系32株、根际土壤95株。与春、夏季相比,秋、冬季分离到的放线菌数量较多种类较丰富,抑菌和促生能力较强。且高海拔地区分离的优势放线菌数量在春、夏两季显著多于低海拔地区,而秋、冬季低海拔地区分离到的放线菌数量超过高海拔地区,并且远超该地区春、夏两季分离到放线菌的总数。最终得到46株不同种类放线菌,经过PGPR特性分析,35株放...     

Combination of agricultural waste compost and biofertilizer improves yield and enhances the sustainability of a pepper field

Application of plant growth‐promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) has been considered as an environmentally friendly method for crop yield promotion as well as plant disease management. Efforts have been devoted to unraveling mechanisms involved in bacteria–plant and bacteria–pathogen interactions. However, little is known on the effect of the interaction among PGPR, soil, and plant. We compared growth and yield promotion capacity of biofertilizer Ning Shield, a consortium of bacterial preparation used as a biofertilizer (BF), and its mixture with compost of agricultural waste including spent substrate of Pleurotus ostreatus (SSP)/Volvariella volvacea (SSV), chicken manure (CM), and inorganic fertilizer (IOF) in a pepper field, respectively. The disease control efficacy, pepper fruit preservation time, and nutrients were also determined. Soil nutrient parameters including organic matter and available NPK of treatments were assayed before and after one growth season. All of the mixture of BF+organic compost treatment significantly enhanced the yield and quality of pepper fruit. Moreover, disease control capacity was promoted by the mixture of BF+organic compost, with BF+SSV reaching the highest control efficacy of 81% on 60th day after transplanting, and remaining 76% at the 105^th day. The BF+SSV treatment showed soil fertility retention ability with higher soil nutrient contents after one growth season of pepper. This study provides evidence that, when combined with organic fertilizers such as spent mushroom substrate compost, beneficial microbes have the ability to promote plant growth and yield as well as suppress plant disease by sustaining soil fertility through complex bacteria–soil–plant interaction.     

Siderophore-Producing Rhizobacteria as a Promising Tool for Empowering Plants to Cope with Iron Limitation in Saline Soils: A Review

Iron (Fe) bioavailability to plants is reduced in saline soils; however, the exact mechanisms underlying this effect are not yet completely understood. Siderophore-expressing rhizobacteria may represent a promising alternative to chemical fertilizers by simultaneously tackling salt-stress effects and Fe limitation in saline soils. In addition to draught, plants growing in arid soils face two other major challenges:high salinity and Fe deficiency. Salinity attenuates growth, affects plant physiology, and causes nutrient imbalance, which is, in fact, one of the major consequences of saline stress. Iron is a micronutrient essential for plant development, and it is required by several metalloenzymes involved in photosynthesis and respiration. Iron deficiency is associated with chlorosis and low crop productivity. The role of microbial siderophores in Fe supply to plants and the effect of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on the mitigation of saline stress in crop culture are well documented. However, the dual effect of siderophore-producing PGPR, both on salt stress and Fe limitation, is still poorly explored. This review provides a critical overview of the combined effects of Fe limitation and soil salinization as challenges to modern agriculture and intends to summarize some indirect evidence that argues in favour of siderophore-producing PGPR as biofertilization agents in salinized soils. Recent developments and future perspectives on the use of PGPR are discussed as clues to sustainable agricultural practices in the context of present and future climate change scenarios.     

Appraisal of Biofertilizers in Rice: To Supplement Inorganic Chemical Fertilizer

A field experiment was carried out to evaluate the feasibility of inoculating rice seedlings with biofertilizers (Azospirillum and Trichoderma) in order to reduce the use of chemical inorganic nitrogen (N) fertilizer on rice variety BU Dhan 1. The plant performances were better when 25% less inorganic N was applied with Trichoderma and combined application of Trichoderma and Azospirillum. Plants contained the highest chlorophyll concentrations when they were treated with 75% N + Trichoderma. Considering the yield attributes, 75% N + Trichoderma and 75% N + Trichoderma + Azospirillum performed similar to the control. The grain yield of rice was similar to the recommended dose even with 25% less N application. Application of Trichoderma resulted higher yield, followed by combined application with Azospirillum. Results revealed the greater scope of applying biofertilizer (Trichoderma) to supplement chemical N fertilizer with optimum yield of rice.     

黄秋葵施肥研究进展

概述了黄秋葵的食用、药用价值,栽培特性以及氮磷钾肥、生物肥料、微量元素肥料对黄秋葵的影响,并对黄秋葵高产栽培技术提出了展望。     

Rhizobacteria facilitate physiological and biochemical drought tolerance of Halimodendron halodendron (Pall.) Voss

Growth-promoting bacteria(GPB) have shown promising effects on serving plants against environmental constraints such as drought. Nevertheless, simultaneous effects of different GPB have less been considered for arid land plants and under field conditions. We investigated the effects of single and combined application of GPB, including free-living nitrogen-fixing bacteria(NFB), phosphate solubilizing bacteria(PSB), potassium solubilizing bacteria(KSB), a combination of NFB, PSB, and KSB(NPK), and...     

化肥减量配施菌肥对氮素矿化利用的影响

为实现海河流域农田增效减负和氮素利用率的提高,通过设置不同氮磷化肥减量配施菌肥与有机肥处理,即对照(N 200 kg·hm^-2,P₂O₅120 kg·hm^-2,CK)、B₁N₂P₂(菌肥17.5 kg·hm^-2,N、P₂O₅均较CK减量25%)、B₁ON₁P₁(菌肥1为7.5 kg·hm^-2,有机肥为3 t·hm^-2, N、P₂O₅均较CK减量50%)、B₂N₂P₂(菌肥2为7.5 kg·hm^-2,N、P₂O₅均较CK减量25%)、B₂ON₁P₁(菌肥2为7.5 kg·hm^-2,有机肥为3 t·hm^-2,N、P₂O₅均较CK减量50%)。研究夏玉米各生育期的土壤氮素矿化特征和利用情况以及夏玉米产量构成因素。结果表明,菌肥和有机肥配施显著增加了土壤氮矿化量,在拔节期和抽雄期尤为明显,B₁ON₁P₁的氮矿化量较B₁N₂P₂分别高出151.29%、120.09%,B₂ON₁P₁的氮矿化量较B₂N₂P₂分别高出56.28%和245.04%。菌肥与中量化肥组合能促进玉米增产,菌肥1和菌肥2较对照分别增产9.01%和7.94%,B₁N₂P₂的产量和穗粒数最高,产量达9 960.24 kg·hm^-2,穗粒数较CK高出29.99%,B₂N₂P₂的千粒重较CK高出2.28%;菌肥的施用能明显减少玉米的秃尖长度,以B₂N₂P₂的降幅最大,较CK减少了73.29%。菌肥1能提高玉米氮素生理利用率和氮素收获指数,B₁N₂P₂的吸氮总量明显高于B₁ON₁P₁,这与产量构成因素是一致的。综上,化肥减量25%并配施菌肥能维持稳定的氮矿化量并提高产量及其构成因素。本研究为海河流域农田氮素科学管理和减少因过量施肥而造成的农业面源污染提供了理论依据。     

复合微生物菌肥在小麦上的应用肥效研究

【目的】为了探究复合微生物菌肥在小麦上的应用效果,选取"高原338"小麦作为试验材料,通过田间试验对其应用肥效进行评价。【方法】试验设4个处理,分别为施用复合微生物菌肥、施用复合肥、仅施用基质和不施肥,测定各处理小麦在拔节期和灌浆期的株高、干物重以及收获时的每公顷产量,对比不同处理间各指标的差异。【结果】施用复合微生物菌肥后,小麦的干物重在拔节期和灌浆期比常规施肥处理分别增重7.1%～7.5%和1.0%～10.8%,比基质处理分别增重3.1%～5.3%和2.5%～4.5%,比不施肥对照分别增重20.3%～29.2%和19.7%～25.8%;每公顷产量比不施肥对照增加67.4%～75.6%,比常规施复合肥处理增产12.4%～13.2%,比仅施用基质处理增产8.9%～9.4%,差异均达显著水平。【结论】施用复合微生物菌肥能够显著促进小麦生长,提高小麦产量,增加小麦种植的经济效益。该研究结果可为复合微生物菌肥在小麦上的大面积推广应用提供一定的前期基础和理论依据。