木霉对玉米纹枯病的生物防治

为明确木霉菌在玉米纹枯病防治上的作用,研究了从雅安郊区大田玉米根际土壤中分离到的18个木霉菌株对立枯丝核菌的抑制作用及对玉米纹枯病的田间防治效果.对峙培养结果表明,这些木霉菌株对立枯丝核菌的抑制率为39.44%～84.98%;而木霉发酵滤液的抑菌作用为13.48%～85.81%.对峙培养和液体发酵滤液的抑菌测定相结合,筛选出木霉菌株T8、T2、T13,经鉴定分别为哈茨木霉Trichoderma harzianum、黄绿木霉Trichoderma aureoviride和长枝木霉Trichoderma Longibrachiatum.用这3种木霉的固体培养物作进一步的田间防治试验,防治效果分别为62.75%、64.48%、68.52%,比井冈霉素(49.68%)效果高;T13菌株的发酵滤液的防治效果仅为40.07%.3株木霉固体培养物对玉米产量影响显著,增产率依次为29.77%、43.37%、54.21%.     

香蕉枯萎病内生生防菌H4-3抑菌蛋白稳定性研究

铜绿假单胞菌H4-3菌株是福建省农科院农业生物资源研究所微生物研究中心从香蕉植株中分离到的内生菌,该菌株对香蕉枯萎病原菌具有很强的抑菌活性,其活性物质为大分子蛋白.研究测定了H4-3菌株抑菌蛋白的稳定性,结果表明：H4-3菌株的抑菌蛋白耐高温、强酸、强碱和高浓度蛋白酶,紫外线和反复冻融对H4-3菌株抑菌蛋白活性无显著影响.     

魔芋内生拮抗细菌生防机理研究

对自选魔芋内生拮抗细菌M3、1–7、M2的生防机理进行研究,结果表明,魔芋内生菌M3、1–7、M2具有广谱抗性,3株菌及其代谢粗提物对不同致病力的魔芋软腐病菌均有拮抗作用;3株拮抗菌分别含有不同的抗菌素基因,1–7与魔芋软腐病菌MY9的相似营养系数最高,达90.63%;M3在魔芋根际及体内定殖能力均为最强,可达8.2×107 CFU/g;接种时间、接种量及接种方式对生防效果影响较大,生防效果与拮抗菌接种量呈正相关,接种病原菌前1 d接种拮抗菌生防效果最优,球包衣的防治效果优于灌根,M3包衣防效可达79.15%;施入拮抗菌后,魔芋体内和根际土壤微生物群落对底物代谢碳源利用的丰富度和代谢活性明显提高。     

Colonization and degradation of senescent flowers of zucchini squash by Trichoderma harzianum YC459, a biocontrol agent of gray mold, Botrytis cinerea

In commercial greenhouses, senescent flower petals or flowers of vegetables such as tomato, strawberry, hot pepper and zucchini squash were blighted to be removed from fruits within five days after spraying of Trichoderma harzianum YC459 (TORY, JGreen Inc.), a biocontrol agent with good and consistent efficacy as chemical fungicides for the control of gray mold rot caused by B. cinerea. The mechanism for selective colonization of senescent floral tissues by T. harzianum YC459 was …     

5株放线菌对9种靶标病原真菌的持续抑菌作用

测定了采用“诱捕分离”法获得SC1,SC11,A3,A4和SE25株放线菌的皿内抑菌活性,对受抑菌丝进行了显微观察,在此基础上,研究了5株放线菌对9种靶标真菌的持续抑菌作用。结果表明,放线菌A3菌株对灰葡萄孢菌和立枯丝核菌、菌株A4对梨状毛霉菌和立枯丝核菌以及菌株SE2对灰葡萄孢菌、梨状毛霉菌和立枯丝核菌均表现出显著的抑菌活性,抑菌率均大于80％;经放线菌处理后,靶标真菌的基内菌丝不同程度地发生了畸变,随着处理时间的延长畸变程度升高;5株放线菌对供试的靶标真菌均不同程度地表现出持续抑菌作用,同一放线菌的持续抑菌作用谱不同,同一靶标真菌被持续抑制的放线菌种类和数量也不同,菌株SC1,A3和A4表现的持续抑菌作用最强。     

中药材土传病害拮抗木霉的筛选与应用初探

 用稀释平板法对51份来自不同地区、不同生态环境的丹参、川红花等10种主要川产道地中药材根际土样分离到62个木霉菌株;木霉种群以哈茨木霉（Trichoderma harzianum）为主,其次是桔绿木霉（T. citrinoriride）和拟康氏木霉（T. pseudokoningii）等。对峙法培养结果表明,木霉菌株T23,T56,T45对尖孢镰刀菌、立枯丝核菌均具有较强的拮抗作用。初步研究了T23 ,T56在田间对中药材的防病作用,木霉处理不仅能显著提高川红花、丹参的出苗率,且对其幼苗具有促生作用,对川红花枯萎病和丹参根腐病的相对防效均达50%以上。     

3株拮抗酵母菌对苹果采后青霉病的防治效果

在活体和离体条件下,采用刺伤苹果接种酵母菌的方法,研究了3株拮抗酵母菌对扩展青霉(Peni-cillium expansum)引起的苹果采后病害的防治效果。结果表明,3株酵母菌孢子悬浮液对青霉病防治效果显著,防效达80%~96%;3株酵母菌可以在苹果果实伤口处接种后的前3 d快速定殖,在之后的5 d保持稳定;在PDA对峙培养中,酵母菌不能抑制病菌的生长,而在其液体培养中,酵母菌孢子悬浮液能显著抑制青霉病菌孢子的萌发,其上清过滤液和灭菌液不能抑制果实的腐烂,表明其作用机制主要是营养和空间竞争。     

Phosphate-Solubilizing Microbes and Biocontrol Agent for Plant Nutrition and Protection: Current Perspective

ABSTRACT

Phosphate-solubilizing microbes (PSM) are widely distributed in the rhizosphere and helps plant to acquire phosphates from soil. The availability of phosphates in soil are governed by several factors among which the proton exchange capacity has been regarded to be the most important factor involved in cation complex formations with soluble phosphates making them unavailable to plants, thereby disturbing the phosphorus cycling events found in arable soils. PSM solubilizes the cation complexes and thereby improves the functioning of phosphorus cycle in soil. In addition to involvement in biogeochemical cycling events, PSM have been also found to have antagonistic potential against several plant phytopathogens. These biocontrol microbes represent the most abundant groups of soil microflora. Among which some nutrient solubilizers have been used for effective biocontrol of important plant diseases. This review article shows contributions of different plant growth promoters used in nutrient and disease management practices in agriculture.

Abbreviations: P (phosphorus), PSM (phosphate-solubilizing microbes), PSB (phosphate-solubilizing bacteria), PSF (phosphate-solubilizing fungi), PGPM (plant growth-promoting microbes), PGPB (plant growth-promoting bacteria), SAR (systemic acquired resistance), ISR (induced systemic resistance), TCP (tri-calcium phosphate), HCN (hydrogen cyanide), IAA (indole-3-acetic acid), ^aPhosphorus [(SSP) single super phosphate, RP (rock phosphate), PM (poultry manure) and FYM (farm yard manure)], PAL (phenylalanine ammonia lyase), ESI-MS (electrospray ionization mass spectrometry), DAPG (2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol) and NMR (¹H nuclear magnetic resonance).     

应用球孢白僵菌防治北方越冬油松毛虫的研究

为在北方应用白僵菌防治油松毛虫,笔者采用从灵丘县干旱林区分离得到的油松毛虫病原球孢白僵菌菌株Beauveria bassiana CGMCC NO.1573制备的孢子悬浮液和营养型湿菌粉剂,分别在冬季和春季对越冬的油松毛虫幼虫进行防治。结果显示：用2×106个/mL孢子悬浮液的防治效果不好,校正死亡率只有21%～29%;冬季用菌粉防治效果较好,感染率达到70.4%～85.4%;春季施用菌粉15 d～20 d,感染率达47.1%～54.5%.结论认为,在树干基部和枯落物下撒施＂白僵菌营养型湿菌粉剂＂集中防治越冬幼虫是北方防治油松毛虫的有效方法。     

番茄内生放线菌ts-6及其次生代谢产物对番茄灰霉病的防病效果

测定了番茄内生放线菌ts-6对灰葡萄孢菌的拮抗作用及其防病效果,结果表明:对峙培养时ts-6菌株对灰葡萄孢菌菌丝生长有明显的拮抗作用,培养7d后可形成直径30mm的抑菌圈,抑菌带宽度达12mm。显微镜下可见抑菌圈边缘菌丝体畸形膨大,分隔、分枝增多,部分菌丝顶端膨大呈泡囊状,有的泡囊破裂、原生质外泄t。s-6菌株胞外分泌物对灰葡萄孢菌孢子萌发和菌丝生长的抑制试验说明,其胞外分泌的拮抗物质中既有能耐高温的抑菌物质,又有遇高温易失活的抑菌物存在。离体和温室防治试验说明,ts-6菌株培养液对灰霉病的防效显著高于菌悬液和无菌滤液。挑战接种间隔期为24h时,无菌滤液的防治效果高于菌悬液;挑战接种间隔期为48h时,菌悬液的防治效果高于无菌滤液。