小黑麦植酸酶最适提取、纯化与活性测定

[目的]为了获得高活性植物小黑麦植酸酶最适提取条件.[方法]研究饲食两用小黑麦209,探究最适提取条件.采用考马斯亮蓝法测总蛋白含量,按照国标新标准钒钼酸铵法测定植酸酶活性.[结果]最适提取条件为：pH 5.0的提取缓冲液,固液比10,室温,200r/mim振荡1h,不添加活性剂.[结论]该研究完善了麦类提取植酸酶技术手段,适于实际应用中.     

水产食品特定腐败菌与货架期的预测和延长

Fresh fish and lightly preserved fish products are welcome by the global market, however, they are also among the most perishable food products. The research on specific spoilage organisms (SSO) reveals the spoilage process of aquatic product. This paper reviews the current knowledge (past ten years) on SSO of fresh fish and lightly preserved fish products with particular emphasis on characteristics of SSO and how to apply this concept to determine, predict and extend the shelf life of aquatic product. During storage, the microflora changes owing to different abilities of the microorganisms to tolerate the preservation conditions. SSO is defined as special microorganisms which can increase rapidly during preservation and has the ability to produce off- odours and off- flavours associated with spoilage, and spoilage metabolites. Identification of an SSO relies on comparison of the sensory and chemical characteristics of spoiled product with those of isolates from the spoilage microflora. Generally, the SSO of fresh fish may be a single species or genus, but the ones of lightly preserved fish products will be more complex. One exciting area for use of SSO aims to obtain quantitative knowledge about probable behavior of SSO and their function during the progression of spoilage. Thus mathematical models on the growth of SSO are established to evaluate the quality lost degree of product, which provide a sound information for the rational development of devices to monitor loss of products shelf life. Models for the growth of Pseudomonas spp, S. putrefaciens, P. phosphoreum have been established, and validated for shelf life prediction of seafood successfully. Another application field of SSO intends to develop the techniques to prolong the shelf life of food products by inhibiting SSO targetedly. Targeted inhibition of spoilage bacteria during preservation reduces their growth and results in a significant extension of shelf life in despite of the activity of non - spoilage organisms has not been influenced. Such techniques have been applied in perversion field of fresh fish and lightly preserved fish.     

水杨酸诱导对苹果体内防御酶活性的影响

为研究叶面喷施水杨酸(SA)对不同苹果品种防御酶活性的影响,以抗病品种‘北之幸’和感病品种‘礼泉短富’为试验材料,对不同浓度水杨酸处理前后的苹果叶片进行防御酶活性测定。结果表明,经水杨酸处理后,‘北之幸’和‘礼泉短富’的β-1,3-葡聚糖酶、POD、PAL和PPO活性均有提高,且高于对照植株。其中‘北之幸’的β-1,3-葡聚糖酶、POD、PAL和PPO活性分别是对照的2.04倍,6.19倍,2.73倍和2.32倍;‘礼泉短富’的β-1,3-葡聚糖酶和PAL活性分别是对照的1.82倍和1.70倍,POD活性是对照的5.68倍,PPO活性是对照的4.00倍。由此可见,水杨酸处理可以不同程度的提高植株体内抗性相关酶的活性,但不同品种间存在差异。     

海带硫酸多糖的分离纯化及性质研究

[目的]研究海带硫酸多糖的纯化方法、理化性质和生物学活性。[方法]海带粗多糖经离子交换纤维素分离纯化;采用硫酸酚法、比浊法、HPLC法分别研究多糖含量、硫酸根含量和分子量等理化性质;采用促小鼠脾淋巴细胞增殖试验研究其提高免疫功能的作用。[结果]得到3种纯化的海带硫酸多糖,LPS-1、LPS-2、LPS-3,对其中LPS-3的理化性质检测表明,其糖含量为36.90%,硫酸基含量为11.91%,分子量2.69×10^6D。LPS-3能明显促进小鼠脾淋巴细胞增殖,具有有丝分裂原样作用,对地塞米松引起的小鼠脾淋巴细胞增殖抑制具有显著的拮抗作用,但LPS-3不具有协同有丝分裂原ConA的作用。[结论]该分离方法可得到3种纯化的海带硫酸多糖,其中LPS-3具有显著提高免疫活性的作用。     

黄土高原长期保护性耕作对麦-豆轮作土壤有机碳组分的影响

通过设置在陇中黄土高原半干旱区的豌豆-小麦-豌豆(W-P-W)和小麦-豌豆-小麦(P-W-P)轮作系统的长期定位试验,探讨了土壤有机碳及活性有机碳组分对不同耕作措施的响应.结果表明:保护性耕作的3个处理均能不同程度地提高两种轮作次序下土壤SOC、ROC和MBC的含量,其中免耕和秸秆覆盖结合处理效果最佳.同时,各处理土层的含碳量均随土壤深度的增加而降低.与免耕处理相比,免耕秸秆覆盖(NTS)、免耕不覆盖(NT)和传统耕作秸秆还田(TS)处理能够显著增加表层(0~30cm)土壤有机碳的含量,但降低了深层(30~80cm)土壤有机碳的含量,说明与传统耕作相比,3种保护性耕作有利于表层土壤有机碳的积累,而不利于深层土壤有机碳的积累.     

Osmoregulation in juvenile Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii)

The osmoregulation capabilities of juvenile Siberian sturgeon exposed to three experimental osmolalities (22, 250 and 387 mOsmol kg⁻¹) were studied over a 45-day period. Growth performance, haematological parameters, ion concentrations, gill and spiral valve Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase activities, as well as gill and spiral valve histology, were measured. At the end of the period, the plasma osmolality of fish kept in 250 and 387 mOsmol kg⁻¹ was higher than that of fish kept in 22 mOsmol kg⁻¹. Similar trends were observed in electrolyte concentrations. Spiral valve and gill Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase activity varied with exposure time and environmental salinity. Shortly after being transferred to hyperosmotic media, spiral valve Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase activity fell, while gill Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase activity remained constant. At the end of the experiment, gill Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase activities in fish kept in isosmotic and hyperosmotic media had increased in comparison to those of the control fish. Moreover, spiral valve Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase activities recovered and were similar to those recorded in fish kept in hyposmotic environments. Although some of the morpho-physiological mechanisms were operational in juvenile Siberian sturgeon in their adaptation to hyperosmotic media, fish cannot be considered hyperosmotic regulators as they were unable to maintain their plasma osmolality and electrolyte equilibrium in salinities higher than 250 mOsmol kg⁻¹. This suggests that the culture of juvenile Siberian sturgeon in brackish environments is unlikely to be successful. However, our data indicate that in natural environments, juvenile Siberian sturgeon in migratory populations (Ob and Lena Rivers) would be able to migrate successfully into estuarine brackish grounds with a salinity of up to 9%. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

α和α'亚基缺失对大豆分离蛋白乳化特性的影响

为了探究β-伴大豆球蛋白(7S)中α和α′亚基缺失对大豆分离蛋白乳化特性的影响,该文以东农47(对照)和3种不同蛋白亚基缺失型(α缺失、α′缺失以及α、α′缺失)大豆为原料提取大豆分离蛋白(SoyProteinIsolate,SPI),通过十二烷基磺酸钠聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis,SDS-PAGE)技术分析其亚基组成,然后制备乳状液并测定乳化活性指数(Emulsifying Activity Index,EAI)、ζ-电位、粒径、微观结构、稳定动力学指数(Turbiscan Stability Index,TSI)及界面蛋白吸附量。结果表明:α′亚基缺失型SPI乳状液乳化活性指数最大,为87.59 m2/g;ζ-电位绝对值最大,为47.7 mV;粒径最小,为2.223μm;显微结构显示其分子最小且分布最均匀,稳定动力学指数最小;界面蛋白吸附量最大,为31.40%。4种不同SPI乳状液的稳定性结果由大到小为α′亚基缺失型、东农47、α亚基缺失型、α和α′亚基缺失型。研究结果可为高乳化性大豆蛋白系列产品的开发应用提供理论支撑和技术支持。     

大型有毒真菌的资源及其抗虫活性的研究进展

大型有毒真菌是指子实体被食用后对人类或动物产生中毒反应的大型真菌。许多大型有毒真菌具有抗虫活性．在未来新型生物源农药的研制与开发中具有巨大的潜力。文章对具有抗虫活性的大型有毒真菌资源及其抗虫活性的研究现状进行综述，并提出了目前研究中存在的问题和需要重点突破的关键技术。     

有机肥对长豇豆连作土壤养分及酶活性的影响

以连作3年的长豇豆土壤为对象,研究了不同来源的有机肥料对长豇豆连作土壤有机质、速效养分含量及土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明,在收获后施用鸡粪、猪粪为主的有机肥的土壤有机质含量、土壤有效N、P、K含量显著高于施用海产品残渣有机肥的;施用化肥的土壤有效N、P、K含量显著高于施用有机肥的。不同有机肥处理均提高了土壤pH值,而硫酸钾型复合肥处理使土壤pH值降低。土壤酶活性分析结果表明,在长豇豆的各生育期内,不同肥源有机肥处理均提高了土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶、多酚氧化酶和蔗糖酶的活性,而化肥处理降低了土壤酶活性。在长豇豆采摘盛期,土壤酶活性最高,各处理间差异显著,其中,鸡粪处理效果最好,猪粪处理次之。     

防风根际微生物区系和土壤酶活性的变化研究

研究了1年生和2年生防风根际土壤微生物区系和酶活性的变化规律.结果表明:随着防风生长年限的延长,其根际土壤中微生物总量有所降低,根际土壤细菌和真菌显著降低,放线菌略有升高,原有的细菌种群优势逐渐被放线菌所替代;反硝化细菌、氨化细菌、厌气性纤维素分解菌、好气性固氮菌、厌气性固氮菌等呈增长趋势,其中2年生防风根际土壤的反硝化细菌、氨化细菌和好气性同氮菌数量分别是对照土未种植防风地块土壤的5.77倍、9.01倍、14.13倍,硝化细菌数量显著减少,好气性纤维素分解菌数量先增后减、总体锐减;过氧化氢酶、多酚氧化酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶活性降低,蛋白酶和磷酸酶活性先急剧上升后缓慢降低.