甜瓜采后病害生防菌遗传改良及其相关性状初步分析

X4(Pseudomonas fluorescens biovar Ⅲ)是利用直接生物测定的方法从甜瓜表面分离得到的生防菌株,此菌株并不产生抗生素2,4-DAPG,但对多种甜瓜采后病害具有较好生防能力。本试验利用Tn5转座子携带2,4-DAPG合成基因簇整合到X4上,得到改良菌株X4-G。经PCR检测和TLC检测导入成功,并且确定可在改良菌株X4-G中稳定存在。拮抗试验中,菌株X4和X4-G对甜瓜采后病害病原菌Fusarium spp.和Trichothecium roseum都有一定的抑制作用。菌株X4和工程菌株X4-G在甜瓜上对T. roseum生防效果均达到80%以上,且X4-G的防效优于X4。表明通过染色体整合抗生素2,4-DAPG合成基因可提高甜瓜采后病害生防菌株生防能力。     

木霉生防机制及应用的研究进展

摘要：木霉菌(Trichoderma spp.)是目前生防益菌中研究的热点,其生防机制假说呈现多元化。本文从竞争作用、重寄生作用、抗生作用、诱导抗性及协同拮抗作用五个方面综述了木霉菌的生防机制,并对其目前的应用现状进行了阐述。     

陕西设施蔬菜根结线虫生防菌株JXC224的分离筛选

几丁质及蛋白质是构成根结线虫体壁和卵壳的主要物质。几丁质酶和蛋白酶活性的高低是评价生防真菌防治潜力的重要生化指标。从陕西省陕北关中陕南根结线虫病害严重的设施蔬菜大棚中采集土样、根结样106份,用分离培养基分离到真菌436株。液体发酵测定分离菌株的几丁质酶活及蛋白酶活,筛选获得几丁质酶活≥0.06 U/mL的菌株11株,蛋白酶活≥100 U/mL的菌株3株。其中JXC224几丁质酶活达0.087 U/mL,蛋白酶活125.8 U/mL,对根结线虫二龄幼虫的侵染率达67%,是一株具有开发潜力的生防菌株,经ITS测序分析,鉴定其为枝顶孢霉(Acremonium sp.)。     

解淀粉芽胞杆菌B1619生物摇瓶发酵工艺的正交优化

解淀粉芽胞杆菌Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B1619对设施蔬菜土传病害有较好的防治效果。为了提高菌株B1619生物发酵效率,本文通过单因子水平筛选和正交试验,对菌株B1619发酵培养基和培养条件进行了优化。结果表明,发酵培养基3个主要因子的最佳配比组合为酵母膏0.25%,大豆粉2.00%,生长素0.05%,优化后生物发酵效率比初始培养基提高了21.79%;发酵培养条件3个主要因子的最佳组合为温度28℃、转速180 r/min、装液量60 mL/250 mL,优化后生物发酵效率比初始培养条件提高了35.42%。经验证,优化后的生物发酵工艺获得的发酵菌液含菌量为7.13×10⁹cfu/mL,与初始发酵工艺的发酵菌液含菌量(3.80×10⁹ cfu/mL)相比,提高了87.83%,优化效率十分显著。     

防治稻瘟病芽胞杆菌的筛选及效果评价

从232株细菌中筛选获得2株对稻瘟病菌具有明显抑菌活性的菌株S09和S170,对稻瘟病菌Magnaporthe oryzae P131菌丝的抑制率分别为90.44%和92.38%;离体叶片法测定表明,菌株S09和S170抑菌效果分别为74.62%和75.52%,与绿地康1号无显著差异。16S rDNA序列分析比对,菌株S09与短小芽胞杆菌Bacillus pumilus基因序列的同源性最高;gyrA基因测序结果表明,菌株S170与解淀粉芽胞杆菌B.amyloliquefaciens基因序列的同源性最高。结合形态观察,确定菌株S09为短小芽胞杆菌,菌株S170为解淀粉芽胞杆菌。菌株S09和S170对稻瘟病的温室防治效果分别是76.56%和80.57%。田间试验结果表明,菌株S09和S170对水稻有明显的促生和增产作用,分别提高水稻种子发芽17.37%和12.34%、促进根长18.68%和33.85%、增加株高12.44%和28.49%、降低空秕率25.17%和35.59%,还可以有效改善稻米的垩白粒率和垩白度。短小芽胞杆菌S09和解淀粉芽胞杆菌S170对叶瘟的田间防治效果分别是70.59%和73.19%,对穗颈瘟的田间防治效果分别是71.55%和74.82%,菌株S170对稻瘟病的防治效果与75%三环唑可湿性粉剂、绿地康1号处理无显著差异。     

Combined application of Trichoderma harzianum SH2303 and difenoconazole-propiconazolein controlling Southern corn leaf blight disease caused by Cochliobolus heterostrophus in maize

Southern corn leaf blight(SCLB) disease caused by Cochliobolus heterostrophus is one of the major threats to corn production worldwide. The synergistic application of low toxic chemical fungicide and biocontrol agents could improve biocontrol stability and efficiency against plant diseases, which ultimately reduce use of chemical fungicide. Trichoderma spp., well-known biocontrol fungi have been used to control some foliar diseases. However, few works have been reported on synergistic application of chemical fungicide and Trichoderma against foliar diseases. This study was aimed to investigate the control effect on the synergistic application of Trichoderma harzianum SH2303 and difenoconazole-propiconazole(DP) against SCLB. Results showed that the synergistic application of DP and SH2303 reduced the leaf spot area compared to the control. The efficacy of synergistic application of DP+SH2303 against SCLB could last for 15–20 d in pot trial under the greenhouse condition. Under the natural field condition, maize treated with DP+DP and DP+SH2303 showed 60% control, which was higher than that of SH2303+DP(45%) and SH2303+SH2303(35%). All these treatments induced the synthesis of defense-related enzymes(phenylalanine ammonia lyase(PAL), catalase(CAT), and superoxide dismutase(SOD)) and the defence-related gene expression of SA pathway(PR1). Taken together the in-vitro leaf test and field trial, the control of SCLB by synergistic application of DP+SH2303 was similar to that of DP+DP. Among synergistic application, the sequential application of DP+SH2303 showed better control than the sequential application of SH2303+DP. It was concluded that the synergistic application of chemical fungicide(DP) and biocontrol agent(T. harzianum SH2303) could be used to reduce the chemical fungicide and to reduce the SCLB diseases in maize, which provided alternative approach to realize an eco-friendly controlling of the foliar disease.     

棉蚜茧蜂[Lysiphlebia japonica (Ashmead)]对棉蚜不同虫态寄生选择的研究

研究表明,棉蚜茧蜂[Lysiphlebia japonica(Ashmead)]喜好寄生棉蚜2、3龄若蚜,寄生率分别为78.8％和87.2％;对4龄若蚜的寄生率为10.6％;1龄若蚜的寄生率仅为5％;棉蚜茧蜂一般不选择有翅蚜作为寄主。随着供蚜量的增加,未被寄生的蚜虫百分率从21.3％上升至63％;过寄生率从55.1％下降至8.37％;废卵率从53.1％降至7.9％。棉蚜茧蜂对健康棉蚜和被寄生过的棉蚜不能完全识别,存在过寄生现象。     

喷雾法施用线虫大面积防治荔枝拟木蠹蛾

荔枝拟木蠹蛾(Arbela dea Swinhoe)是南方荔枝、木麻黄等主要的钻蛀害虫,作者利用拟木蠹蛾昼伏夜出的习性,用大蜡螟幼虫诱测和回收喷雾荔枝拟木蠹蛾粪道上的线虫(Steinernema carpocapsae Agriotos),不同温度、不同粪道大小对线虫存活影响的测试结果表明,应用1×10~3/ml线虫剂量喷雾拟木蠢蛾挂在树上的粪道,粪道上便有足够数量的线虫和时间使寄主感染。1995年喷雾法施用线虫防治荔枝拟木蠹蛾260hm~2,防治效果在85％～100％,平均为94.28％,有效地压低了田间的虫口密度。解决了树冠嫩枝受害后人工难以注射及倒置斜垂坑道的虫口防治效果差的矛盾,也使利用病原线虫防治害虫这一有效的生物防治手段更容易为果农所接受。     

Metabolites of some biological control agents

The evidence is reviewed for the structure and biosynthesis of some metabolites of Trichoderma and Gliocladium species that are being considered as fungal biological control agents. The diverse biosynthetic capability of these organisms is proposed as a criterion for their potential application as bio-control agents.