Autofertility and Bee Visitation in Winter and Spring Genotypes of Faba Beans (Vicia faba L.)

Differences in the expression of autofertility and in the evidence of attractiveness to bees were investigated in both autumn-sown and spring-sown faba beans. All six winter stocks and one spring stock expressed very little autofertility, with averages of only 10% of flowers and 7% of ovules fertilized when undisturbed. Three other spring stocks, including a closed-flower population, were moderately autofertile, with 22% of flowers and 17% of ovules fertilized when undisturbed. The remaining two spring stocks, both English cultivars, expressed good autofertility, with 50% of undisturbed flowers and 44% of ovules fertilized. Current levels of autofertility in the winter and closed-flower stocks were inadequate to allow the development of a desirable distribution of pods without substantial bee visitation. If levels of autofertility could be raised simply by selection within populations, then they should have been much higher in these stocks. Therefore, autofertile parents will probably have to be included in programmes for breeding cultivars with improved levels of auto fertility. The closed-flower population received significantly less bee visitation than the other stocks in the spring trial. No variation in attractiveness to bees was found among the open-flowered spring stocks, nor among the winter stocks.     

蜜蜂白垩病的草药防治研究

以意大利蜜蜂和蜜蜂球囊菌为主要试验材料,通过记录外界温湿度、幼虫脾的温湿度、蜂群的储蜜量和储粉量以及发病幼虫数,研究养蜂生产中白垩病发病时上述指标的变化趋势,并进行了相关性分析;以桧木、喜久二醇、黄藤碱和蛇床四种中草药制剂以及蜜蜂球囊菌为主要的试验材料,研究实验室条件下这四种中草药制剂对蜜蜂球囊菌生长的抑制作用。结果显示:试验组内,外界湿度、幼虫脾温度、储蜜量与发病幼虫数之间的相关性显著;对照组内,外界湿度与发病幼虫数之间的相关性显著;在6.5%、5.0%、3.5%、2.0%和0.5%5个浓度的药剂溶液中,喜久二醇、黄藤碱、蛇床3种中草药制剂对蜜蜂球囊菌没有抑制作用;而桧木在5.0%的溶液浓度上表现出一定的抑菌作用。结果表明,蜜蜂白垩病的发病与食物储蜜量、外界湿度和幼虫脾温度有关,而蜂群的食物储备量是导致白垩病发生的关键诱发因素;桧木中草药制剂对蜜蜂球囊菌的生长有一定的抑制作用。     

利用奶公牛育肥生产高档牛肉

[目的]为了提高奶公牛育肥效率,拓展奶公牛高档牛肉市场。[方法]本研究通过对32头奶公牛分三组进行育肥、屠宰和分割肉实验。[结果]发现95%精料的A组屠宰率显著高于80%精料的B组（P〈0.05）,宰前活重和胴体重均数高于B组,但差异不显著（P＆gt;0.05）;80%精料饲养10月龄的C组在宰前活重和胴体重显著高于B组（P〈0.05）;在高档分割肉占胴体重比例上：B组＆gt;A组＆gt;C组。[结论]实验证明影响奶公牛育肥屠宰性状的主要因素是月龄,利用奶公牛育肥生产高档部位分割肉可以达到胴体重的2.85%。     

不同品系西方蜜蜂基因组DNA多态性图谱构建及杂交分析

本研究应用随机引物K（5'-CGGCCCCTGT-3'）对不同品系西蜂的基因组DNA扩增，获得了能区分不同品系西蜂的多态性DNA图谱，从多态性图谱中选取一个共同片段K1680bp，标记成探针，探针K1680bp与不同品系西蜂的基因组DNA匀有杂交，从而证明片段K1680bp是西蜂蜂种的共性，为西蜂的鉴定提供了直接依据。     

RAPD分子标记在蜜蜂遗传育种中的应用

利用RAPD分子遗传标记，估测蜜蜂性别决定位点（x)与低幼虫存活率位点的标记序列位置（STS）之间的遗传距离为1．6c.M；构建蜜蜂的遗传连锁图，确定蜜蜂的性基因位点（x)，黑色体色基因位点（blk)，苹果酸脱氢酶I(Mdh-l)位点分别位于第三，六，十八个连锁群，确定了影响蜜蜂采粉，报警信息素水平，螯刺行为和体长等数量性状的基因座位，筛选出5种引的，这些引物所扩增的RAPD标记可作为鉴别欧洲蜜蜂和非洲蜜蜂的分子标记；蜜蜂高产性状RAPD标记的研究取得一定进展。     

长白山蜂产品及其综合开发途径

在全球范围内大力倡导生态环保和绿色消费的今天,我国政府也采取了一系列提高生态环保效益经济、建设生态经济的战略措施。蜂产品是蜜蜂为了其种族的生存与繁衍向自然界索取精华并进行加工的产品,包括蜂蜜、蜂王浆、蜂花粉、蜂蜡和蜂胶等。蜂产品化学组成复杂,且含有多种生理活性极强的生物活性物质,具有提高人体免疫能力、增强记忆力、消除疲劳以及抗衰老和美容的功效,是大自然赋人类最珍贵的礼品。大力推动长白山生态蜂产品的综合开发,有助于发挥长白山动植物资源优势,打造长白山天然食品的品牌,对地方经济的发展具有重大意义。     

The effects of human disturbance on a stingless bee community in a tropical rainforest

Human disturbance of tropical rainforests may change pollinator communities indirectly as a result of changes in resource availability. We studied the mechanisms by which human disturbance affects a community of major pollinators, stingless bees, in Sarawak, Malaysia. We surveyed forest structure and flowering activity, and conducted a nest census and a bait-trap survey of stingless bees, both in primary forests and in forests disturbed by logging and shifting cultivation. The densities of late successional trees and large trees (diameter at breast height >50 cm) were higher in the primary forests than in the disturbed forests. The density of flowering trees was lower one year after logging, but recovered in old disturbed forests because of the active flowering of pioneer trees that became established after the disturbance. Stingless bees nest only in large trees, and nest density was positively correlated with the density of large trees. However, we found no relationship between the numbers of foragers and floristic parameters. Some species preferred nesting in dipterocarps, while others preferred dead trees. The results of the bait-trap survey also indicated that some species were abundant in the primary forests, whereas other species were abundant in the disturbed forests. These results suggest that human disturbance alters the species composition of the stingless bee community. Such changes in the bee community may affect the reproductive success of plants, and ultimately forest composition.     

保幼激素类似物ZR_（512）对蜜蜂蜂王胚后发育的调控作用

在蜜蜂人工育王过程中，用保幼激素类似物ＺＲ５１２滴注于王台内蜂王浆中的方法，研究ＺＲ５１２对蜂王发育的调控作用．每只蜂王幼虫ＺＲ５１２的滴注量分别为０．０１、０．１０、１．００μｇ．三种处理蜂王的未封盖幼虫期，中华蜜蜂分别为１２３．３、１２６．７、１２３．５ｈ，分别比对照组（１１４．４ｈ）延长９．０、１２．３、９．１ｈ，差异显著或极显著（Ｐ＜０．０５或Ｐ＜０．０１）；意大利蜜蜂分别为１１６．０、１１５．０、１１５．０ｈ，分别比对照组（１１１．３ｈ）延长４．７、３．７、３．７ｈ，差异极显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）．蜂王幼虫封盖后的发育期，中华蜜蜂和意大利蜜蜂分别为１６２．６—１６４．９ｈ和１７７．２—１８０．４ｈ，各处理组与对照组的差异均不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）．由此可见，ＺＲ５１２能够显著延长蜜蜂蜂王的幼虫取食期，促使蜂王在胚后发育阶段的超常发育．这是ＺＲ５１２促进蜂王初生重增加的主要原因．在幼虫期施加保幼激素类似物ＺＲ５１２，对蜂王封盖期的发育无影响．     

中蜂和意蜂的工蜂不同发育期抗氧化酶类同工酶及其活性的比较

用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶垂直板电泳方法研究中蜂和意蜂的工蜂不同发育时期的抗氧化同工酶,检测其活性,发现中蜂和意蜂的工蜂在不同发育阶段抗氧化同工酶有着较大差异,同工酶的活性变化也较大;中蜂、意蜂的工蜂的抗氧化同工酶极相似,其活性差异不显著(P>0.05),探讨了蜜蜂在抗氧化酶类同工酶生物学方面的差异。