玉米穗粒腐病接种技术及品种抗病性鉴定

以玉米穗粒腐病的优势病原菌串珠镰刀菌Fusarium moniliforme为接种菌源,采用4种接种方法进行比较,以针刺果穗较深处(籽粒与穗轴间)发病最重,花丝喷雾法发病最轻;接种时期以玉米乳熟期接种为好;接种浓度10×40倍下每视野60个分生孢子;接种量以每果穗接种2.5ml孢子悬浮液发病最重。同时规范了病情分级标准及品种抗、感程度划分标准。采用规范程序,对63份玉米自交系及杂交种进行了抗病性鉴定。     

黑龙江省大豆疫霉根腐病调查与病原分离

１９９６年对黑龙江省东部和中部大豆产区２３个市、县的大豆苗期疫霉根腐病进行了调查、研究,应用ＰＢＮＩＣ疫霉选择性培养基分离大豆疫霉根腐病病原菌,从牡丹江、穆棱、林口和佳木斯豆田具疫霉根腐症状的大豆植株上分离到大豆疫霉根腐病菌,并从根腐病株上单独或与大豆疫霉菌同时分离到终极腐霉菌,研究进一步证实我国黑龙江省有大豆疫霉根腐病。调查发现,大豆疫霉根腐病和终极腐霉根腐病主要发生在土质粘重、土壤含水量高或易积水的田块。     

温湿度调控对番茄灰霉病菌产生的细胞壁降解酶的影响

 番茄灰霉病菌在致病过程中能够产生4种细胞壁降解酶,以PMG酶活性最高,其次是β-葡萄糖苷酶和PG酶,Cx最少。灰霉病菌在不同温度下侵染番茄叶片时产生的致病酶活性不同,4种酶在20℃时表现了最高的活性,15℃次之,当温度达到25℃时,各种酶的活性都急剧下降,随着温度的再升高,酶活更低。随着湿度的增高,病菌产生的细胞壁降解酶的活性也增加,当相对湿度达到90%以上时,4种酶的活性也达到最高。温湿度对番茄灰霉病菌产生细胞壁降解酶的影响趋势,与其对发病的影响趋势是一致的。     

一种值得关注的火龙果腐烂病

火龙果腐烂病是一种对我国新兴的火龙果果业潜在风险较高的真菌病害。近年来,我国口岸多次从越南进口的火龙果鲜果中截获该病害。本文介绍了其病原真菌仙人掌平脐蠕孢(Bipolaris cactivora(Petrak)Alcorn)地理分布、寄主范围、经济危害性、症状及病原菌形态特征、形态学鉴定和分子检测方法 ;分析了病原菌的进入风险和定殖与扩散风险,提出了加强口岸植物检疫,严防病原菌传入及病害在国内发生扩散和蔓延等风险管理措施。     

Stem-base disease and fungal colonisation of winter wheat grown in compost inoculated with Fusarium culmorum, F. graminearum and Microdochium nivale

Fungal colonisation of winter wheat cv. Cadenza by Fusarium culmorum, F. graminearum and Microdochium nivale was studied under conditions designed to avoid the splash dispersal of conidia from infested compost, to evaluate the possibility that systemic growth may transfer infection from the stem-base to the head. At decimal growth stages 33, 59, 77–87 and 95 the extent of fungal growth was assessed using a sample of 72 plants, by the recovery of fungal species from the stem-base, from each node and from the ear. Each of the fungi was recovered from stem tissues above soil level in some, apparently symptomless, plants. Symptoms of Fusarium foot rot were seen in an increasing proportion of plants during grain-fill and desiccation. There was an inverse relationship between recovery and the height above stem-base from which the stem tissue was excised. F. culmorum was the most frequently isolated fungus and it was also recovered from the highest position in plants. Only 3% of plants were colonised above the second node and none of the fungal species were recovered from either the fifth node or the ear. This suggests that colonisation and systemic growth from Fusarium infested compost is unlikely to contribute to the development of ear blight symptoms in winter wheat.     

Use of real-time PCR to examine the relationship between disease severity in pea and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aphanomyces euteiches</Emphasis> DNA content in roots

Aphanomyces euteiches causes severe root rot of peas. Resistance is limited in commercial pea cultivars. Real-time fluorescent PCR assay specific for A. euteiches was used to study the relationship between disease severity and pathogen DNA content in infected peas. Five pea genotypes ranging in levels of resistance were inoculated with five isolates of A. euteiches. Plants were visually rated for disease development and the amount of pathogen DNA in roots was determined using the PCR assay. The susceptible genotypes Genie, DSP and Bolero tended to have significantly more disease and more pathogen DNA than the resistant genotypes 90-2079 and PI 180693. PI 180693 consistently had less disease, while 90-2079 had the lowest amount of pathogen DNA. The Spearman correlation between pathogen DNA quantity and disease development was positive and significant (P < 0.05) for three isolates, but was not significant for two other isolates. This suggests that the real-time PCR assay may have limited application as a selection tool for resistance in pea to A. euteiches. Its utility as a selection tool would be dependent on the correlation between disease development and pathogen DNA content for a given pathogen isolate. The accuracy and specificity of the real-time PCR assay suggests considerable application for the assay in the study of mechanisms of disease resistance and the study of microbial population dynamics in plants.     

草莓根腐病病原菌分离与鉴定

为了有效防控草莓根腐病,采用组织分离法,对徐州地区草莓根腐病病原菌进行分离与鉴定,分离、纯化后获取了5个真菌菌株,经形态学与分子生物学碱基序列测定结果比对发现：CMGF-1是胶孢炭疽菌或其亚种,CMGF-2和CMGF-3是棒孢拟盘多毛孢或其亚种,CMGF-4和CMGF-5是串珠镰刀菌或其亚种。黑根根腐的致病菌主要是镰刀菌和拟盘多毛孢菌,而红中柱根腐的致病菌是胶孢炭疽菌。     

白莲腐败病病原菌的分离鉴定

莲腐败病是白莲种植区发生最普遍、为害最严重的病害之一。本试验对发病白莲上的病原茵进行分离鉴定。该病原分离物在PSA培养基上气生茵丝由白色渐变成深紫色,并产生大小两种孢子。大型分生孢子镰刀形,无色,稍呈弯曲,两端尖细,大小为（39．1-55．2）μm×（2．8～4．6）p,m,多为3个隔膜,少部分为1-2隔或4~5隔;小型分生孢子椭圆形。无色,无隔膜,大小为（5．0～9．2）μm×（2．0～3．5）μm。致病性测定表明分离物能100％引起白莲出现典型的白莲腐败病的症状。ITSl／ITS4的PCR扩增产物与GenBank中Fusariumoxysporum￡sp．nelumbicola的序列同源性为99％。研究结果表明。分离到的病原物为尖孢镰刀茵莲专化型Foxysporum f.sp．ndumbicola。     

芹菜细菌性软腐病病原的分离与鉴定

 由植物病原细菌引起的芹菜软腐病在北京地区普遍发生,其中以顺义及通州区县较为严重。自发病芹菜茎段中分离细菌,通过接种芹菜进行致病性测定,确定了54个致病菌株。虽然菌株间致病力有一定的差异,但大多数菌株对芹菜致病力强。通过培养性状和菌体形态观察、生理生化反应和Biolog测定,结合胡萝卜软腐果胶杆菌Pectobacterium carotovorum 6个管家基因(pgi、rpoS、mdh、proA、mtlD、icdA)的基因扩增、序列测定和多基因联合系统发育分析,将病原菌鉴定为胡萝卜软腐果胶杆菌P. carotovorum的3个亚种。其中45个菌株为P. carotovorum subsp. odoriferum,频数为83.33%;6个菌株为P. carotovorum subsp. carotovorum,频数为11.11%;3个菌株为P. carotovorum subsp. brasiliensis,频数为5.56%。上述结果显示,北京地区芹菜细菌性软腐病的病原菌为胡萝卜软腐果胶杆菌P. carotovorum的3个亚种,其中以P. carotovorum subsp. odoriferum为优势种。     

辽宁省玉米镰孢穗腐病病原菌的鉴定与分布

为明确辽宁省玉米镰孢穗腐病的病原菌种类及其分布特征,采用形态学与分子生物学鉴定方法,对2015年9月采自辽宁省13个地区的84份玉米穗腐病样品进行分离鉴定,同时依据镰孢菌分离频率确定其在辽宁省玉米生态区的分布特征。结果表明,从辽宁省84个玉米穗腐病样分离物中鉴定出3个种,即拟轮枝镰孢菌Fusarium verticillioides、禾谷镰孢菌F.graminearum和层出镰孢菌F.proliferatum,分别为67、9和8株,占79.77%、10.71%和9.52%。按照柯赫式法则,验证了3种镰孢菌代表菌株FV-39、FG-1和FP-2是玉米品种郑单958穗腐病的致病菌。拟轮枝镰孢菌为辽宁省玉米镰孢穗腐病的优势致病菌,广泛分布于辽东、辽南、辽中、辽北和辽西5个玉米生态区,分别占16.67%、11.90%、21.42%、10.72%和19.05%;禾谷镰孢菌主要分布于辽西地区,层出镰孢菌主要分布于辽中和辽北地区。