碳菌调控对虾、蟹混养系统微生物群落功能多样性的影响

利用Biolog生态板方法和冗余分析(RDA)等方法,分析了菌碳调控对虾、蟹混养系统水体细菌群落功能多样性的影响,探讨了水体微生物群落多样性与不同环境因子间的关系。实验通过添加益生菌制剂和糖蜜调节养殖水体中菌群结构,共设6个处理,分别是为短小芽孢杆菌(C2)、蜡样芽孢杆菌(C3)、硝化细菌制剂(C4)、EM制剂(C5),以未添加菌制剂的处理为对照组(C1),另外以未添加碳源和菌制剂的处理为对照组(C0)。研究结果表明,不同菌碳下细菌群落对底物碳的利用数量和代谢强度存在较大差异。随着养殖时间的延长,处理组C3的碳代谢活性和对碳源的利用强度总体上高于其它处理组,而处理组C4较低和对照组C0相差不大。PCA分析结果表明,不同处理的细菌群落处于动态变化之中,反映出细菌群落的组成和代谢特征出现了显著差异,其中处理组C3和C4间差异最为显著。处理组C3的多样性指数如Simpson指数Shannon指数和S-E均匀度均较高,而处理组C4则较低。RAD分析表明,碳菌调控条件下,影响细菌群落碳代谢功能的主要环境因子7月为:Chl a、PO4--P、NO2--N、NH4+-N;8月为:NO3--N、NO2--N、TP、TN和PO4--P;9月为:TP、Chl a、PO4--P和NO2--N。综合水质指标和细菌群落对碳源的代谢功能的分析结果,本实验初步表明在C/N为15的虾、蟹混养水体中添加蜡样芽孢杆菌,细菌群落的多样性指数及对碳源的代谢功能为最佳。     

Complementary host–pathogen genetic analyses of the role of fumonisins in the Zea mays–Gibberella moniliformis interaction

Zea mays often is colonized with the fungus Gibberella moniliformis, which produces fumonisin toxins. The role of fumonisins in seedling colonization and blight was studied using complementary genetic analyses of host and pathogen. Only one of two fumonisin B1 (FB1)-insensitive maize backcross lines was more resistant than the FB1-sensitive parent to seedling blight, indicating that the increase in FB1-insensitivity was not associated with an increase in resistance. FB1-producing and nonproducing isogenic fungal strains did not differ in ability to cause seedling blight, but the FB1-producing strain was more effective in systemic colonization of seedlings in reciprocal strain challenge tests. Together, these and previous results indicate that the role of fumonisins depends on complex environmental and genetic contexts in this host–pathogen interaction.     

Long term impact of mineral amendment on the distribution of the mineral weathering associated bacterial communities from the beech Scleroderma citrinum ectomycorrhizosphere

Liming is a known forest management procedure used to amend nutrient-poor soils such as soils of acidic forests to rectify cation deficiencies and to restore soil pH. However, although this procedure is well known for its beneficial effect on the forest trees, its relative impact on the functional and taxonomic diversity of the soil bacterial communities has been poorly investigated. In this study, we characterized the ability of the soil bacteria to weather soil minerals and to hydrolyze chitin. A collection of 80 bacterial strains was isolated from the Scleroderma citrinum ectomycorrhizosphere and the adjacent bulk soil in two stands of mature beeches (Fagus sylvatica) developed on very acidic soil and presenting two levels of calcium (Ca) availability: a control plot as well as a plot amended with Ca in 1973. All the bacterial isolates were identified by partial 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis as members of the genera Burkholderia, Bacillus, Dyella, Kitasatospora, Micrococcus, Paenibacillus, Pseudomonas, and Rhodanobacter. Using a microplate assay for quantifying the production of protons and the quantity of iron released from biotite, we demonstrated that the bacterial strains from the amended plot harbored a significant higher mineral weathering potential that the ones isolated from the control plot. Notably, the weathering efficacy of the ectomycorrhizosphere bacterial isolates was significantly greater than that of the bulk soil isolates in the control treatment but not in the amended plot. These data reveal that forest management, here mineral amendment, can strongly affect the structure of bacterial communities even over the long term.     

甜菜褐斑病内生拮抗菌的筛选、鉴定及其防效测定

 Three hundred and one endophytic bacteria strains were isolated from healthy sugar beet plants in severely diseased plots in Changji County,Xinjiang Province.Three endophytic bacteria strains,1-5,4-1 and 4-3,showed relatively strong antagonistic against Cercospora beticola.Strain 1-5 was identified as Paenibacillus polymyxa,while strains 4-1 and 4-3 were as Bacillus flexus and Stenotrophomonas sp. by their morphological,physiological and biochemical characteristics.The results from several experiment trials showed that the endophytic bacteria could reduce the disease incidence of sugar beet.The control efficiency reached from 67.6% to 80.2%, indicating that biocontrol with endophytic bacteria was an alternative and potential method to control sugar beet fungi disease.     

GFP标记短小芽孢杆菌LYMC-3在马尾松体内的定殖

为研究松材线虫拮抗细菌短小芽孢杆菌LYMC-3的内生性及其在马尾松体内的定殖规律,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察菌株在马尾松组培苗体内的定殖,并采用高渗透法将质粒pGFP78转入菌株LYMC-3,对其进行绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)标记,同时测定标记菌株的遗传稳定性.在此基础上,以GFP标记和抗性标记作为示踪手段,将标记菌株接种到2年生马尾松盆栽实生苗的根部,借助激光扫描共聚焦显微镜(LSCM)和稀释涂板的方法,对马尾松根部、茎部的标记菌株进行定期回收检测.结果显示,通过SEM成功观察到菌株LYMC-3在马尾松体内的定殖,并成功获得LYMC-3菌株荧光表达强烈且遗传稳定的转化子,经过连续8次的稀释培养,其遗传稳定性为96.8％.GFP标记菌株在接种马尾松根部后的第4天,根部、茎部都能回收到大量标记菌株的存在,随后呈持续下降的趋势,且根部的下降速度快于茎部.接种40 d后,根部回收标记菌株数量为0.3×102cfu/g,茎部回收标记菌株数量为0.8×102 cfu/g.以上结果表明短小芽孢杆菌LYMC-3具有内生性,能在马尾松体内良好地定殖和传导.     

Inhibitory effect of Ipomoea aquatica extracts on glucose absorption using a perfused rat intestinal preparation

Investigations were carried out to evaluate the effect of Ipomoea aquatica aqueous and dichloromethane/methanol extracts on the glucose absorption using a rat intestinal preparation in situ. Extracts orally tested at the dose of 160 mg/kg exerted a significant inhibitory effect on glucose absorption when compared with control animals. The most pronounced effect was observed with the aqueous extract. Ouabain used as reference inhibitor strongly inhibited glucose absorption. On the other hand both plant extracts inhibited the gastrointestinal motility suggesting that the inhibition of glucose absorption is not due to the acceleration of intestinal transit.     

稻蟹共作与蟹单作模式下中华绒螯蟹肠道及养殖环境细菌群落组成比较

为分析稻蟹共作和蟹单作模式下中华绒螯蟹肠道及养殖环境细菌群落组成的差异,利用Miseq平台对微生物16S rRNA基因V4区高通量测序,比较分析两种模式下的细菌群落变化。结果显示:两种模式下具有显著差异(P0.05)菌门,肠道中为酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)和互养菌门(Synergistetes);水体中为拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteria)、芽单胞菌门(Gemmatimonadetes)和Armatimonadetes菌门;底泥中为浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)。两种模式下具有显著差异(P0.05)菌属,肠道中有14个,水体中有18个,底泥中有13个。稻蟹共作与蟹单作肠道、水体、底泥的Chao、ACE丰富度指数,以及Shannon和Simpson多样性指数差异不显著。通过对两种模式下水体、土壤及肠道中具有显著差异(P0.05)的分支杆菌属(Mycobacterium)、红杆菌属(Rhodobacter)、黄杆菌属(Flavobacterium)、硝化螺旋菌属(Nitrospira),蓝藻细菌门(Cyanobacteria)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)、柔膜菌门(Tenericutes)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)比较分析后发现:一些厌氧、高亚硝酸盐环境下的常见优势菌属在蟹单作水体、土壤中的丰度显著高于稻蟹共作,稻蟹共作条件下养殖河蟹的肠道微生物构成上更接近野生河蟹,其肠道细菌群落特点也反映出共作养殖环境优于单作模式,且有利于河蟹生长。     

添加麦秸对鸡粪堆肥过程中氮素减排及细菌群落的影响

好氧堆肥是实现鸡粪资源化利用最主要的技术手段,然而在堆肥过程中氮素损失较为严重,既降低肥效又引起严重的污染。本文以纯鸡粪堆肥为对照,利用麦秸将鸡粪堆肥的C/N调节至15,分析了堆肥过程材料中理化性质、氮素转化和微生物群落变化,探讨了减少堆肥氮素损失的技术与机理。结果显示,加入麦秸后堆肥高温持续时间达到23 d,比对照延长了9 d,pH较对照组明显降低,氮素损失降低了39.67%。硝态氮含量达到281.99 mg·kg^-1,比对照增加了68.75%。微生物群落趋于稳定,具有硝化功能的细菌o＿＿Staphylococcales、o＿＿Brachybacterium、f＿＿Staphylococcaceae、g＿＿Staphylococcus、g＿＿Salinicoccus相对丰度比对照分别增加了88.45%、96.39%、88.45%、96.08%、79.20%,有利于堆体氮素保留和转化。试验结果表明,加入麦秸秆之后影响了鸡粪堆肥的细菌群落结构,增加了具有硝化功能的细菌丰度,从而减少了堆体氮素的损失。     

番茄青枯病抗性相关根际微生物的研究进展

由茄科雷尔氏菌（Ralstonia solanacearum）侵染引起的植物细菌性青枯病（Bacterial wilt）素有“植物癌症”之称,是一种毁灭性土传细菌病害。目前,青枯病已成为制约我国番茄生产的主要病害之一。抗青枯病番茄品种表现出与劣质农艺性状连锁遗传的问题一直没有得到解决,而且番茄青枯病抗性主要为数量遗传,不利于优良抗病品种的选育。根际微生物参与调控植物免疫系统,提高寄主植物青枯病抗性,反之,寄主植物的健康状况也能够影响根际微生物群落组成,根际微生物在番茄青枯病防治中具有重要作用。对抗青枯病番茄根际微生物群落特征及微生物群落形成的影响因素进行总结,讨论了根际微生物参与调控番茄青枯病抗性遗传的作用机制,并对利用有益根际微生物调控番茄青枯病研究方向的热点进行展望,为番茄青枯病诱导抗性机制的解析、遗传育种以及番茄青枯病的防治与品种的合理布局提供有效参考。     

Factors affecting the virulence of Ralstonia solanacearum and its colonization on tobacco roots

Tobacco bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is a serious disease affecting tobacco cultivation in southwest China. The response surface methodology was employed to evaluate the optimal conditions of tobacco bacterial wilt, and green fluorescent protein gene (gfp) labelling was applied to monitor the location and survival dynamics of R. solanacearum (Rs::gfp) on tobacco roots and in soil under these optimal conditions. The results showed that the highest wilt incidence was 91.13%, which occurred when the population reached 6.6 × 10⁶ CFU/g soil, the temperature was 30.55 °C, and the humidity was >81.42%. The Rs::gfp densely colonized the root tips and root hairs, and cells of Rs::gfp were observed intermittently in the elongation zone or at the point of the emerging lateral roots. The Rs::gfp number in the rhizosphere soil was 10.75‐, 73.13‐ and 74.86‐times higher than that in the bulk soil at 10, 15 and 20 days after transplantation, respectively. Increased colonization by Rs::gfp was related to the population of the pathogen, the environmental temperature and the humidity in the soil. These three conditions determined whether R. solanacearum would induce tobacco wilt. This is the first study to investigate factors affecting the virulence of a tobacco wilt bacterial pathogen, which is important for conducting field diagnosis and biocontrol of tobacco bacterial wilt.