Ecology and conservation of two endangered subspecies of the leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis) on Japanese islands

The conservation of rare species on islands is a special challenge, especially when the islands are faced with increasing human impact. Two endangered wild felids in Japan provide a contrast that is useful for examining conservation strategies. The Iriomote cat (Prionailurus bengalensis iriomotensis) is endemic to Iriomotejima Island in Okinawa, and the Tsushima leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis euptilurus) occurs in the Tsushima islands in Japan, although a related subspecies found in the Korean Peninsula. Population size was approximately 100 individuals for each subspecies. While the population of Iriomote cat appears relatively stable, the population and abundance of the Tsushima leopard cat has decreased in recent decades. Because of their small population sizes and restricted habitats both are listed as endangered species/subspecies in Japan’s Red List, and the Iriomote cat is listed as an endangered subspecies in the IUCN Red List. Although both are similar-sized felids living on small islands, their ecological characteristics such as food habit, habitat selection, and density differ. These differences seem to be caused by the climate, the biological environment (the species composition of fauna in each island, and the presence of competitors), and the artificial background. The threats facing these two felids are also similar. Habitat destruction, traffic accidents, and negative influences by introduced species are the principal threats to be addressed for their conservation. At the same time, there are differences in the degree of impact by each threat, in each species’ conservation programs in practice, and in the stages of progress and operation of programs. These differences are partly because they have different ecological features and partly because the social background of each island, such as human population, main industry, and historical relationship between human and wildlife, are quite different. We will compare the ecology and state of these two wild felids and discuss the different conservational situations in relation to felid ecology and human society.     

基于掩模及边缘灰度补偿算法的脐橙背景及表面缺陷分割

缺陷检测一直是利用计算机视觉技术进行水果自动分级的难点。为了解决带有缺陷的水果在图像分割时部分缺陷容易被误分割为背景这一问题,以脐橙为研究对象,首先提取B分量,利用B分量构建掩模图像,然后对R分量图像进行掩模,从而在不损伤缺陷的情况下实现了水果与背景100%分割。考虑到水果呈球状,检测时边缘灰度较低,在缺陷分割时容易出现误分割,提出快速水果图像边缘灰度补偿算法,利用此算法,对6种常见脐橙缺陷,共计220幅图像,设定分割阈值为165,使不同灰度等级的缺陷一次性分割成功,分割率最高为100%,最低为79.5%。试验结果表明由于单阈值的使用,提高了缺陷分割效率。     

资源环境硬约束下中国耕地休耕优先区识别

为厘清全国耕地资源环境本底并识别中国休耕优先区,该研究从生态保护红线、土壤污染状况、地下水超采和耕地质量等级等4个维度,运用生态保护红线划定、内梅罗综合污染指数、地下水水位变幅等方法系统分析中国耕地资源环境胁迫因子空间格局及分异特征,并构建多准则休耕规则识别不同情景下中国休耕规模及优先区的空间分布.结果表明:1)中国北...     

应用淡水发光细菌测定土壤Cu急性毒性的影响因素研究

在环境污染物的毒性评价和监测中,发光细菌法是一种具有快速、灵敏和廉价等优点的直接生物测试方法。鉴于海水发光细菌在土壤中应用的局限性,本文拟应用淡水发光细菌青海弧菌Q67（Vibrio—qinghaiensis sp．-Q67）进行土壤中Cu的毒性测定,并对其在土壤Cu急性毒性测定的影响因素进行了研究,包括pH对青海弧菌Q67发光的影响,背景溶液的选择及0．01mol·L^-1 CaCl2对毒性测定的影响,以期确定淡水发光细菌测定土壤Cu急性毒性最佳条件。结果表明,青海弧菌Q67可以应用于pH范围在5．5～9．0之间的样品;不同的背景溶液中,青海弧菌Q67在高浓度人工土壤溶液中的发光最稳定,且不同背景溶液对Cu的毒性测定影响差异不显著,因此,推荐高浓度人工土壤溶液作为青海弧菌Q67应用于土壤样品毒性测定的背景溶液;常用的土壤浸提剂0．01mol·L^-1 CaCl2显著降低了Cu的毒性（全Cu表示）。研究结果对青海弧菌Q67毒性测试方法的建立和在土壤中的应用提供了非常重要的依据。     

不同肥力稻田晚稻水氮耦合效应研究

在不同土壤背景氮稻田中,采用不同的水氮管理模式,研究了灌水和施氮方式对晚稻的产量、农艺性状、氮肥利用率及节水效果的影响。结果表明,与淹水灌溉相比,湿润灌溉技术能使晚稻产量提高5.1%~6.5%;土壤氮残留量增加0.4%~2.3%;氮肥农学利用率、吸收利用率、生理利用率分别提高12.6%~113.4%、0.4%~19.7%、11.3%~92.9%,且增幅随着土壤背景氮的上升而提高;节省水资源18.0%~34.3%。施氮方式上,以氮素基肥:追肥为50:50的效果最佳,与农户传统的70:30比例相比,产量提高0.3%~8.9%,并表现出低肥田淹水条件下增幅大、高肥田湿润条件下增幅大的现象;氮肥利用率虽都有一定的提高,但除低肥田外,中、高肥田中差异不显著。试验还发现,氮肥利用率与稻田土壤背景氮呈直线负相关,r = -0.9919;氮肥流失量随着土壤背景氮的增加而上升。研究表明,采用合理的灌溉和施肥,能有效地提高氮肥利用率、增加水稻产量,并节省灌溉用水。但在土壤高背景氮的稻区,最主要的问题是大量减少氮肥用量,以减少氮素流失,降低氮肥对环境的污染。     

宜兴茶园土壤侵蚀及生态影响

茶园是苏南丘陵坡地的一种典型利用方式 ,其上发生的土壤侵蚀及产生的生态影响不容忽视。而要测度土壤侵蚀 ,137Cs示踪法是目前使用较多的一种有用工具 ,但要用此法 ,需找到研究区的137Cs背景值 ,并建立合适的估算模型。本文在对宜兴茶园研究时 ,确定了这里的137Cs背景值为 2 2 0 0Bqm- 2 ,并建立了估算耕作土壤的较合理的模型h =Hc× (Cref-Ct) /(Cref-Cin)。在此基础上衡量了研究对象的土壤侵蚀量 ;并进一步探讨了由此引发的生态影响 ,包括土层减薄、土壤质地改变和养分流失这样的直接影响 ,以及与之相应的一些间接影响 ,如能耗增加、水体富营养化及土地适宜性变化等 ;并且 ,还采用等值侵蚀模数这个指标 ,在与其他地区尤其是黄土和红壤区比较中揭示了苏南地区土壤侵蚀的生态危害的严重性     

云南省主要地质背景区钴、铁和硒在岩石—土壤—饲料中的分布与转移规律研究

对云南省反刍家畜主要生产基地所属的6个地质背景区的土壤、岩石和饲料样品的钴、铁和硒元素进行测定分析。结果表明:土壤和饲料钴、铁和硒元素含量在玄武岩(Ⅴ)和碳酸岩盐红壤区(Ⅰ)较丰富;碳酸岩盐、碎屑岩和玄武岩混合型黄红壤区(Ⅱ)居中;而由碎屑岩(Ⅲ)和变质岩(Ⅵ)发育的土壤区土壤和饲料钴、铁和硒元素最低。饲料中钴、铁和硒的含量受地质背景值,特别是土壤中元素的丰度的影响较大。     

加快海峡西岸经济区农产品加工业发展的思考

农产品加工业是发展海峡西岸现代农业的重要环节之一。本文在介绍加快发展农产品加工业的经济社会背景的基础上，分析了加快发展农产品加工业对海峡西岸经济区建设的重大意义，福建农产品加工业发展的现状，并提出了相应的政策建议。     

Evaluation of calibrated passive sampling for quantifying ammonia emissions in multi-plot field trials with slurry application

Background

There is a great need for simple and inexpensive methods to quantify ammonia emissions in multi-plot field trials. However, methods that meet these criteria have to be thoroughly validated. In the calibrated passive sampling approach, acid traps placed in the center of quadratic plots absorb ammonia, enabling relative comparisons between plots. To quantify ammonia emissions, these acid trap samplings are scaled by means of a transfer coefficient (TC) obtained from simultaneous measurements with the dynamic tube method (DTM). However, dynamic tube measurements are also comparatively costly and time-consuming.

Aims

Our objective was to assess the best practice for using calibrated passive sampling in multi-plot field trials. One particular challenge in such experiments is to evaluate the influence of ammonia drift between plots.

Methods

In a series of eight multi-plot field trials, acid traps and DTM were used simultaneously on all plots to measure ammonia emissions caused by different slurry application techniques. Data obtained by both methods were correlated, and the influence of the ubiquitous ammonia background on both methods was evaluated by comparing net values, including the subtraction of the background with gross values (no background subtraction). Finally, we provide recommendations for calculating a TC for calibrating relative differences between plots, based on simultaneous acid trap and dynamic tube measurements on selected plots.

Results

Treatment mean values obtained by both methods correlated well. For most field trials, R² values between 0.6 and 0.8 were obtained. Ammonia background concentrations affected both methods. Drift between plots contributed to the background for the acid traps, whereas the contamination of the chamber system might have caused the background for the DTM. Treatments with low emissions were comparatively more affected by that background.

Conclusion

For a robust application of calibrated passive sampling, we recommend calculating the TC based on a treatment with high ammonia emissions, reducing the relative influence of the ubiquitous ammonia background.     

甘肃中部金昌地区3次霜冻天气分析

2016年5月2、15、23日甘肃中部金昌地区出现3次霜冻天气,其中以15日的霜冻强度最大,从天气实况、环流形势、前期气候背景、数值产品预报效果检验等方面进行了分析,找出了此类天气的预报着眼点。结果表明,前期气温异常偏高促使农作物生长发育期提前,抵抗低温冻害的能力减弱;乌拉尔山高压脊的发展为冷空气的南下及低槽冷空气的增强提供了有利条件;霜冻多发生在天空晴朗少云、风力较弱、温度显著下降的寒冷夜晚;强霜冻往往是由平流降温和辐射降温共同影响所致;欧洲中心和T639形势场及其细网格温度场预报对霜冻天气预报具有较好的指示性。