Generation of a uniform thymic malignant lymphoma model with C57BL/6J p53 gene deficient mice

Lymphoma is the third most common cancer diagnosed in children, and T-cell lymphoma has the worst prognosis based on clinical observations. To date, a lymphoma model with uniform penetrance has not yet been developed. In this study, we generated a p53 deficient mouse model by targeting embryonic stem cells derived from a C57BL/6J mouse strain. Homozygous p53 deficient mice exhibited a higher rate of spontaneous tumorigenesis, with a high spontaneous occurrence rate (93.3%) of malignant lymphoma. Because tumor models with high phenotypic consistency are currently needed, we generated a lymphoma model by a single intraperitoneal injection of 37.5 or 75 mg/kg N-methyl-N-nitrosourea to p53 deficient mice. Lymphoma and retinal degeneration occurred in 100% of p53^+/− mice administered with higher concentrations of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea, a much greater response than those of previously reported models. The main anatomic sites of lymphoma were the thymus, spleen, bone marrow, and lymph nodes. Both induced and spontaneous lymphomas in the thymus and spleen stained positive for CD3 antigen, and flow cytometry detected positive CD4 and/or CD8 cells. Based on our observations and previous data, we hypothesize that mice with a B6 background are prone to lymphomagenesis.     

基于改进MobileNet-V2的田间农作物叶片病害识别

农作物病害是造成粮食产量下降的重要因素,利用智能化手段准确地识别农作物病害有利于病害的及时防治,该研究基于改进的MobileNet-V2识别复杂背景下的农作物病害,对未来覆盖各种作物的智能化病害识别工作具有重要意义。首先创建含有11类病害叶片及4类健康叶片的农作物数据集,采用数据增强操作构造不同的识别场景。其次在原始模型MobileNet-V2的基础上,嵌入轻量型的坐标注意力机制,建立通道注意力与位置信息的依赖关系。然后对网络中不同尺寸的特征图采取上采样融合操作,构建兼具网络高、低层信息的新特征图。此外,采用分组卷积并删除模型中不必要的分类层,减少模型参数量。试验结果表明：改进模型的参数量为2.30 MB,改进模型的识别准确率在背景复杂的农作物叶片病害数据集中达到了92.20%,较改进前提高了2.91个百分点。相比EfficientNet-b0、ResNet-50、ShuffleNet-V2等经典卷积神经网络架构,改进模型不仅达到了更高的识别准确率,还具有更平稳的收敛过程以及更少的参数。该研究改进的模型较好地平衡了模型的复杂度和识别准确率,为深度学习模型移植至田间移动病害检测设备提供了思路。     

Effects of cage netting colour and density on the skin pigmentation and stress response of Australian snapper Pagrus auratus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)

The unnaturally dark pigmentation of cultured Australian snapper Pagrus auratus can be improved through dietary astaxanthin supplementation and by holding fish in tanks with a white background. The practical application of these laboratory‐based findings was examined with two experiments to establish if the advantages of transferring fish to light coloured tanks before harvest could be achieved on‐farm using white cages and to determine the effects of fish density on skin colour. For the first experiment, snapper (mean TL=29.7 cm) were transferred from a commercial snapper sea cage to black or white netted cages and fed diets supplemented with unesterified astaxanthin (supplied as Lucantin^® Pink, BASF) at 0 or 39 mg kg^?1 for 42 days. Skin colour was measured using the CIE (black–white), (green–red), (blue–yellow) colour scale. Snapper held in white netting cages became significantly lighter (higher ) than snapper held in black cages; however, values were not as high as previous laboratory‐based studies in which snapper were held in white plastic‐lined cages. Snapper fed astaxanthin displayed significantly greater and values, and total carotenoid concentrations after 42 days. In addition, total carotenoids were higher in fish from black than white cages. The second experiment was designed to investigate whether density reduced the improvements in skin colour achieved by holding fish in white coloured cages and whether cage colour affected stress. Snapper (mean weight=435 g) were acclimated to black cages and fed 39 mg kg^?1 astaxanthin for 44 days before transferring to black or white plastic‐lined cages at 14 (low), 29 (mid) or 45 (high) kg m^?3 for 7 days after which time skin colour, plasma cortisol and plasma glucose concentrations were measured. Skin lightness () was greater in snapper transferred to white plastic‐lined cages with the lightest coloured fish obtained from the lowest density after 7 days. Density had no effect on plasma cortisol or glucose levels after 7 days, although plasma cortisol was elevated in snapper from black cages. For improved skin colouration we recommend feeding unesterified astaxanthin at 39 mg kg^?1 for approximately 6 weeks and transferring snapper to white plastic‐lined cages or similar at low densities for short periods before harvest rather than producing fish in white netting sea cages subject to biofouling.     

资源环境硬约束下中国耕地休耕优先区识别

为厘清全国耕地资源环境本底并识别中国休耕优先区,该研究从生态保护红线、土壤污染状况、地下水超采和耕地质量等级等4个维度,运用生态保护红线划定、内梅罗综合污染指数、地下水水位变幅等方法系统分析中国耕地资源环境胁迫因子空间格局及分异特征,并构建多准则休耕规则识别不同情景下中国休耕规模及优先区的空间分布。结果表明：1）中国北方划入生态保护红线范围内耕地面积远高于南方,划入一级生态保护红线范围内耕地占3.57%;2）中国耕地重、中度污染面积分别占1.23%和2.31%,南方整体污染高于北方且南方呈局部分散、北方呈点状集聚格局;3）地下水超采区集中于河北、河南、吉林和江苏,重度超采区仅占0.68%;4）耕地质量总体一般,劣等、低等耕地面积分别占3.69%和14.0%,北方明显高于南方且大范围分散分布。依据多准则休耕规则综合评判,划入休耕优先区占全部耕地的23.70%,比食品安全优先、产能损失最小和生态保护优先3种情景分别高8.40%、4.18%和3.12%,其中禁植必休区、限植休耕区和重点轮休区分别为1.95%、4.71%和6.18%。因此,必须从源头治理视角厘清耕地资源环境本底,权衡休耕的迫切性,为国家层面上休耕规划有效落地、污染休耕治理和耕地保护创新提供技术支撑。     

桂林毛村不同地质背景主要元素迁移特征及与植物蒸腾作用的相关性

对桂林毛村不同地质背景(石灰岩、白云岩和砂页岩)土壤中Ca、Mg、Cu、Fe、Mn、Zn等主要元素的迁移特征进行了研究,结果表明母岩的地球化学背景对岩溶土壤系统的元素迁移具有重要影响.同时,以不同地质背景生长的典型植物黄荆为例,研究了上述元素的迁聚与植物蒸腾作用的相关性.结果表明,植物蒸腾作用对土壤中Ca、Mg、Cu、Fe、Mn、Zn等主要元素迁聚的影响程度因不同地质背景以及不同元素而有明显差异.植物蒸腾作用对Mn、Cu等较难迁移元素的迁移具有一定促进作用.土壤中Cu、Fe、Mn、Zn等微量元素的迁聚对植物吸收系数的影响程度因不同地质背景而有显著差异.岩溶山区进行植被恢复时必须考虑不同地质背景的差异,因地制宜地选择合适的植物品种.     

鲜活水产品中甲醛本底含量状况调查

运用乙酰丙酮分光光度法法,先后对12种314个淡水鱼类样品、19种356个海水鱼类样品、9种147个虾蟹类样品、5种137个贝类样品和4种59个头足类样品共计1013个鲜活水产样品中本底甲醛含量进行了测定。研究结果表明,鲜活水产品中甲醛含量中位值为0.25mg/kg,平均值为6.31mg/kg,中位值远低于平均值,因而多数水产品中甲醛的本底含量处于低端水平。在调查的49个水产品样品种类中,龙头鱼、鳕、中国枪乌贼、口虾蛄、梭子蟹等种类甲醛本底含量较高,另外淡水鱼类样品中的罗非鱼甲醛含量要显著高于其它种类的淡水鱼类（p<0.05）。不同类型的水产品之间甲醛含量也存在一定差异（p<0.05）,具体表现为海水鱼类样品中甲醛含量最高,其次为头足类样品、甲壳类样品和贝类样品,淡水鱼类样品中甲醛含量最低 。     

具有中国大豆遗传背景的7S与11S多亚基缺失型大豆新品系的创制

利用我国高油大豆品种东农47与日本引进多亚基缺失型育种材料日B,采用回交、三交的育种方法,综合系谱选择,通过SDS-PAGE技术分析亚基组成,在BC₁、BC₃及三交种F₈群体内,选育到(α+11S groupⅡa)-缺失型、(α′+11S groupⅡa)-缺失型、[(α′+α)+11S groupⅡa、Ⅱb]-缺失型、[(α′+α)+11S groupⅡa]-缺失型、[(α′+α)+11S groupⅡb+X₁X₂]-缺失型、[(α′+α)+11S groupⅡb]-缺失型和(α′+11S groupⅠ、Ⅱa)-缺失型共7种具有中国大豆遗传背景的7S球蛋白α′、α亚基与11S球蛋白groupⅠ(A_1aB_1b,A₂B_1a,A_1bB₂)、groupⅡa(A₄A₅B₃)和groupⅡb(A₃B₄)不同亚基缺失组合新种质。测定优良品系的综合农艺性状及氨基酸组成、含量,结果表明,与对照相比,各种缺失突变体的各种氨基酸组分含量普遍提高,蛋白总量普遍高于轮回亲本,精氨酸含量特别是游离精氨酸的含量大幅提高。其中亚基组成为(α+11S groupⅡa)-缺失型品系G2-2-3的17种氨基酸含量、氨基酸总量、蛋氨酸含量均显著高于轮回亲本东农47,特别是游离精氨酸含量高出7.27mg/g。以上结果表明,7S与11S多亚基缺失型优良品系在有效去除致敏蛋白的同时,可以提高大豆蛋白氨基酸含量, 改善大豆蛋白氨基酸组分配比。各种致敏蛋白缺失型大豆优良新品系的获得,大大丰富了我国蛋白质组分改良育种的种质基础。     

不同肥力稻田晚稻水氮耦合效应研究

在不同土壤背景氮稻田中,采用不同的水氮管理模式,研究了灌水和施氮方式对晚稻的产量、农艺性状、氮肥利用率及节水效果的影响。结果表明,与淹水灌溉相比,湿润灌溉技术能使晚稻产量提高5.1%~6.5%;土壤氮残留量增加0.4%~2.3%;氮肥农学利用率、吸收利用率、生理利用率分别提高12.6%~113.4%、0.4%~19.7%、11.3%~92.9%,且增幅随着土壤背景氮的上升而提高;节省水资源18.0%~34.3%。施氮方式上,以氮素基肥:追肥为50:50的效果最佳,与农户传统的70:30比例相比,产量提高0.3%~8.9%,并表现出低肥田淹水条件下增幅大、高肥田湿润条件下增幅大的现象;氮肥利用率虽都有一定的提高,但除低肥田外,中、高肥田中差异不显著。试验还发现,氮肥利用率与稻田土壤背景氮呈直线负相关,r = -0.9919;氮肥流失量随着土壤背景氮的增加而上升。研究表明,采用合理的灌溉和施肥,能有效地提高氮肥利用率、增加水稻产量,并节省灌溉用水。但在土壤高背景氮的稻区,最主要的问题是大量减少氮肥用量,以减少氮素流失,降低氮肥对环境的污染。     

安徽省土壤微量元素状况与地质背景的关系

根据不同地质背景特点将安徽全境分为5个地质背景区，分别从不同背景地质体（区域）和土壤类型集土样分析，并对结果进行统计处理，通过其差异性对, 出不同地质背景下发育的土壤中微量元素的丰缺（分为高，中，低，贪4级）及其对作物的适宜性，以此为基础对地质背景，特别是背景地质体与土壤微量元素的相关性进行了探讨。     

上海大树移植的本底土质量调查与评价

对上海13个区共450个大树移植的本底土的质量进行了调查。结果表明：土壤有机质含量达标率为74．33％：容重达标率为76．45％；通气孔隙度达标率为57．33％；土壤呈碱性和强碱性；离子总浓度大多正常。本底土质量总体较差．尤其是行道树的大树移植本底土质量更差，不能完全满足移植大树的恢复生长。针对存在的问题，通过添加富含有机质的酸性介质、敷设通气管等方式改良土壤理化性质，确保上海大树移栽的成功。