聚乳酸纳米微球制备工艺研究

聚乳酸（PLA）由于良好的生物相容性和可降解性已被广泛应用于医学领域。以聚乳酸为载体材料制备农药传输系统可有效防止敏感型药物降解,延长农药的持效期。采用乳化-溶剂挥发法（O/W）制备了聚乳酸纳米微球,考察了表面活性剂的种类及浓度、有机相和水相体积比、聚乳酸浓度等因素对纳米微球粒径大小的影响,用扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜对纳米微球的形貌进行表征,用纳米激光粒度仪对纳米微球的粒径和多分散指数进行了表征。结果表明：选择Tween20为表面活性剂,当Tween20浓度为0.01~0.03 g/mL、聚乳酸浓度为0.02 g/mL、有机相与水相比为1∶10,通过超声乳化可制得粒径为230~250 nm的纳米微球,并具有较好的分散性和成球性。进一步制备了聚乳酸-嘧菌酯纳米微球,表面活性剂的浓度是影响粒径的关键因素,当Tween20浓度为0.03 g/mL,所得纳米微球的粒径为236 nm,包封率和载药量分别可达81.38%和27.11%。本研究可为环境友好型聚乳酸纳米农药缓释微球的制备提供技术和参数支持。     

水杨肟酸对致病疫霉生长及其对嘧菌酯敏感性的影响

采用菌丝生长速率法测定了离体条件下水杨肟酸对致病疫霉菌丝生长的影响,同时测定了添加水杨肟酸对致病疫霉在不同生长阶段对嘧菌酯敏感性的影响。结果表明:水杨肟酸在低浓度时对致病疫霉菌丝生长有一定的促进作用,但随其浓度升高,对病原菌的抑制作用逐渐增强,10μg/m L时,水杨肟酸对致病疫霉菌丝生长的抑制率小于10%,50μg/m L时,其平均抑制率大于70%。与单用嘧菌酯的处理相比,嘧菌酯中添加10μg/m L的水杨肟酸时,致病疫霉对嘧菌酯的敏感性不受水杨肟酸的影响,其抑制菌丝生长的平均EC50值分别为0.08和0.10μg/m L,抑制孢子囊萌发的平均EC50值分别为0.65和0.67μg/m L;同时,添加10μg/m L的水杨肟酸对孢子囊产量、游动孢子释放以及休止孢萌发均无显著影响;但嘧菌酯中添加50μg/m L的水杨肟酸时,除对致病疫霉菌丝生长无显著影响外,对其他各生长阶段均有显著影响。因此,在离体条件下测定致病疫霉对嘧菌酯的敏感性时,可不必添加水杨肟酸。     

全球农药登记一体化和小作物/特殊作物农药登记研讨会在陕西召开

4月18日,全球农药登记一体化和小作物/特殊作物农药登记研讨会在陕西西安召开。会议由农业部农药检定所（ICAMA）、美国农业部（USDA）和美国环境保护署（USEPA）共同发起并组织召开。农业部农药检定所张延秋所长、顾宝根副所长,美国农业部高级项目主管Jason Sandahl先生,     

苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯对家蚕的生长发育毒性

为评价在桑园及周围农田使用10%苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂 (WG) 和250 g/L嘧菌酯悬浮剂 (SC) 对家蚕的影响,采用浸叶法对2龄起家蚕连续喂食染毒桑叶,测定了2种药剂对家蚕的急性毒性及生长发育毒性。急性试验结果表明,10%苯醚甲环唑WG和250 g/L嘧菌酯SC对2龄起蚕的96 h-LC₅₀值分别为353.58和498.66 mg/L。生长发育毒性试验结果表明:10%苯醚甲环唑WG最高剂量 (200 mg/L) 和最低剂量 (50 mg/L) 组对2～4龄家蚕的发育历期均有显著影响,但随着龄期增长其影响逐渐减弱;250 g/L嘧菌酯SC可使家蚕幼虫发育历期明显延长,发育严重不齐,其最高剂量组 (250 mg/L) 试虫死亡率显著高于平均水平,不同龄期试虫的发育历期及眠蚕体重与对照组相比均差异显著,对个体生长发育水平影响明显,并出现了未结茧即化蛹的现象。虽然10%苯醚甲环唑WG和250 g/L嘧菌酯SC对家蚕均为低毒、低风险性,但其对家蚕的发育历期、眠蚕体重、繁殖力及其他主要经济学性状等指标均可产生不同程度的影响,因此,桑蚕养殖区在使用这2种杀菌剂时也应注意避免污染桑叶,以免给蚕业生产造成损失。     

Fungicide sensitivity and monocyclic parameters related to the Phakopsora pachyrhizi–soybean pathosystem from organic and conventional soybean production systems

The failure of chemical control of soybean rust has been related to the selection of less sensitive isolates, and the infection capacity of such isolates could have implications for the management of the disease. The aims of the present study were to compare the sensitivity to tebuconazole and azoxystrobin and the monocycle of soybean rust using isolates of Phakopsora pachyrhizi from two soybean fields with different production systems (organic and conventional) in 2012/13 and 2013/14 seasons, and to monitor mutations in the CYP51 gene. To assess the sensitivity to tebuconazole and azoxystrobin, detached leaf tests and in vitro germination, respectively, were used. To evaluate the monocycle, detached leaves were inoculated with a urediniospore suspension and evaluated daily by counting the number of uredia. The occurrence of the mutations in CYP51 was investigated by a pyrosequencing assay. In both 2012/13 and 2013/14 seasons, the EC₅₀ to tebuconazole was lower for the population from the organic system (0.41 and 0.10 μg mL^?1, respectively) compared to the conventional system (1.60 and 4.44 μg mL^?1, respectively), while the EC₅₀ to azoxystrobin was similar for both populations. The lower sensitivity to tebuconazole and azoxystrobin was associated with F120L + Y131H mutations in CYP51, and the F129L mutation in CYTB, respectively. The monomolecular model fitted to monocycle data and parameters related to the maximum asymptote and the AUDPC were superior for organic than the conventional system.     

Tan spot: a new disease of pyrethrum caused by Microsphaeropsis tanaceti sp. nov.

The isolation frequency of Microsphaeropsis sp. in spring in association with necrotic lesions on leaves in Tasmanian pyrethrum (Tanacetum cinerariifolium) fields has increased substantially since first identification in 2001. Examination of morphological features and sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) resulted in the identification of a new species, herein described as Microsphaeropsis tanaceti sp. nov. The pathogenicity of three M. tanaceti isolates to two pyrethrum cultivars was confirmed by inoculating glasshouse‐grown plants in three experiments. No significant differences in the susceptibility of the two cultivars to infection by M. tanaceti were found. Symptoms were tan‐coloured spots which coalesced around the margins of the leaves. Therefore, the name ‘tan spot’ is proposed for this new disease of pyrethrum. The sensitivity of seven M. tanaceti isolates to difenoconazole and azoxystrobin, commonly used fungicides for the management of foliar diseases in spring, was assessed under in vitro conditions. Sensitivity testing for difenoconazole was conducted using a mycelial growth assay on potato dextrose agar, whilst testing for sensitivity to azoxystrobin used a conidial germination assay on water agar. Microsphaeropsis tanaceti was found to be more sensitive to azoxystrobin than difenoconazole, with complete inhibition of conidial germination at concentrations above 0·625 µg a.i. mL^?1. By comparison, concentrations of 50 µg a.i. difenoconazole mL^?1 or greater were required for significant inhibition of mycelial growth. It therefore appears likely that there is currently some control of tan spot as a result of the use of azoxystrobin and to a lesser extent, difenoconazole, for the control of other diseases.     

325g/L苯甲·嘧菌酯悬浮剂的研制

对325g/L苯醚甲环唑·嘧菌酯悬浮剂的助剂进行筛选,采用正交设计法,确定最佳配方为苯醚甲环唑11.3%、嘧菌酯17.8%、SD-811 1.0%、SD-206 1.0%、乙二醇4.0%、黄原胶0.2%、硅酸镁铝1%、AFE-1410 0.2%、苯甲酸钠0.1%、水补足。对该制剂的悬浮率、分散性、热贮稳定性等性能指标进行测试,结果表明该制剂的各项指标均符合悬浮剂的标准要求。     

果蔬中嘧菌酯残留量的气相色谱分析研究

基于气相色谱分析,建立了葡萄和甘蓝等水果蔬菜中嘧菌酯残留量的2种快速检测方法.样品使用乙酸乙酯-环己烷(50-50)为溶剂进行超声波萃取,采用GC/NDP和GC/μECD检测法测定.在检测过程中不存在干扰峰,样品不需净化.用两种检测方法互相确证定性和定量结果,结果表明两种方法嘧菌酯回收率在80%-105%,最低检出浓度分别为0.005 mg/kg和0.002 mg/kg.经配对t检验统计分析,两种方法定量结果间无显著性差异.     

Effect of Azoxystrobin on Oxygen Consumption and cyt b Gene Expression of Colletotrichum capsici from Chilli Fruits

Azoxystrobin acts as an inhibitor of electron transport by binding to the Qo center of cytochrome b （cyt b）. Resistance to azoxystrobin was usually caused by the point mutation of cyt b gene or by the induction of alternative respiration. Oxygen consumption test for mycelia of Colletotrichum capsici showed that azoxystrobin inhibited mycelial respiration within 12 h; however, as time went on, the respiration of the mycelia recovered when the mycelia were treated with azoxystrobin and salicylhydroxamic acid （SHAM, a known inhibitor of alternative respiration）, and the oxygen consumption of the mycelia could not be inhibited. Meanwhile, cytochrome b （cyt b） gene expression increased with the recovery of mycelial respiration. The increased cyt b gene expression might play a role in the development of resistance to azoxystrobin in C. capsici.     

嘧菌酯水解动力学研究

为指导合理使用嘧菌酯以及评价其环境特性提供依据,并为处理该药剂废水的研究提供基础参数,研究了嘧菌酯在不同温度和pH条件下水溶液中的降解情况。结果表明,嘧菌酯在水中相对稳定,温度和pH是影响嘧菌酯在水环境中降解的两个主要因素;在不同温度条件下,嘧菌酯的半衰期分别为56.1、37.7、15.5、13.6 d,水解速率常数随温度的升高而增加,说明嘧菌酯的水解受温度影响较大,低温抑制水解,高温促进水解;在不同pH值缓冲溶液中,嘧菌酯的半衰期分别为47.9、29.6、17.2 d,水解速率依次为pH9〉pH7〉pH5,说明嘧菌酯在偏碱性环境中稳定性较差。