塞罕坝华北落叶松人工林土壤节肢动物群落的研究

2006年5~8月对塞罕坝华北落叶松人工林群落土壤节肢动物进行了两次系统调查,共获得土壤节肢动物1560头,隶属6纲22目。其中弹尾目、蜱螨目、膜翅目和啮目为优势类群,蜘蛛目、鞘翅目和双翅目幼虫等为常见类群。通过4块样地对比可得出:天然次生林群落土壤节肢动物类群数、个体数多于落叶松人工林,多样性也高于人工林;落叶松人工林和天然次生林土壤节肢动物剖面分布具有明显的表聚性,并且随着土壤层次的加深,类群数和个体数也随之减少;落叶松人工林和天然次生林群落中的土壤节肢动物群落有比较高的Jaccard相似性系数,表明两类林分在土壤节肢动物类群和个体数量分布上有较大的相似度。     

毛竹林林下植被、竹叶化学成分与节肢动物群落的关系

对垦复施肥、垦复、劈草、化学除草和撂荒5种典型管理措施下毛竹叶可溶性糖、蛋白质、单宁和类黄酮含量进行测定并对林下植被和节肢动物群落进行调查分析.结果表明:1)管理措施对竹叶化学成分的月含量及时序变化规律产生了极为复杂而显著的影响;2)4类化学成分对毛竹冠层优势害虫种群具有显著的促进或抑制作用,并因而影响到节肢动物群落的结构,表现为类黄酮和单宁含量显著促进竹冠层节肢动物的均匀度;3)林下植被与群落的关系主要表现为灌木层植物多样性对林下和冠层节肢动物多样性的促进作用,以及藤本层植物多样性对林下节肢动物均匀度的促进作用;4)经营管理措施可通过改变林下植被和竹叶化学成分而对群落产生显著影响,在害虫的控制中应注重科学管理和适度保护林下植被.     

毛竹林竹冠节肢动物群落结构与多样性研究

以套网振落法在"蜀南竹海"毛竹竹冠采到昆虫113种(类),隶属于13目,54科.整个节肢动物群落组成中优势度最明显的为同翅目类群,在4个调查样地林区内,其相对多度为30%～51%,其次是蜘蛛类,相对多度为19%～43%.昆虫亚群落的优势物种为同翅目的一种小绿叶蝉(Empoasca sp.),且该亚群落的物种丰富度在4个调查样地林区之间存在一定差异,其趋势为Ⅲ号样地林区》Ⅱ号样地林区》Ⅰ号样地林区》Ⅳ号样地林区;而优势集中性指数则为Ⅱ号样地林区》Ⅲ号样地林区》Ⅳ号样地林区》Ⅰ号样地林区,表明Ⅱ号样地林区由于环境条件和林相特点致使害虫大发生的可能性较其他林区大.群落多样性指数(H')的季节动态表现为低→高→低→高→低的变化趋势,两个高峰分别出现在5-6月和8-9月.以竹冠节肢动物群落内主要类群的物种数和多度为变量,对不同样地林区4～10月的7次调查样本进行群落季节格局的最优分割分析,结果表明最适分割数为5,该分割将群落的季节动态区分为5个时期,该划分基本反映出竹冠主要害虫的发生、消长与气候的年变化和竹林季相的关系,对于指导毛竹害虫综合治理有重要意义.     

Seasonal distribution and diversity of ground-active arthropods between shrub microhabitats in the Negev Desert,Israel

We examined the ground-active arthropods using pitfall trapping beneath Hammada scoparia and Zygophyllum dumosum shrubs and in adjacent open spaces in wet winter, short spring, dry and hot summer, and autumn in the Negev Desert, Israel. The activity abundance of ground-active arthropods was 244, 424, and 506 individuals trap^?1 in open spaces and beneath H. scoparia and Z. dumosum shrubs, and was 134, 448, 414, and 178 individuals trap^?1 in winter, spring, summer, and autumn, respectively. The activity abundance and richness of predators and phytophages were found to exhibit an inconsistent pattern between shrub microhabitats throughout seasonality. In contrast, the activity abundance and richness of omnivores indicated contrasting pattern between summer and other seasons. Likewise, total abundance was found to exhibit a similar pattern to taxa richness and Shannon index between shrub microhabitats only in summer. There was a consistent pattern of diversity indices between shrub microhabitats observed in both winter and autumn. However, no significant (P?>?0.05) differences in activity abundance and diversity indices were found between shrub microhabitats in spring. The Sørensen index between open spaces and H. scoparia and Z. dumosum canopy microhabitats, and that between the latter two microhabitats were found to be 0.26, 0.29, and 0.19 in winter, 0.53, 0.48, and 0.48 in spring, 0.47, 0.45, and 0.52 in summer, and 0.57, 0.56, and 0.78 in autumn, respectively. It was suggested that seasonality could mediate the activity abundance and diversity distribution of ground-active arthropods between shrub microhabitats in the Negev Desert.     

套种蜜源植物对杏-麦间作果园节肢动物群落的影响

在杏-麦间作果园分别套种油菜、芜菁和紫花苜蓿三种蜜源植物,并对果园节肢动物群落参数值进行分析.结果表明,三个种植蜜源植物的果园天敌亚群落的物种多样性指数和均匀度指数均高于对照果园,而害虫亚群落的物种多样性指数和均匀度指数均低于对照果园.三种蜜源植物均能增加果园生物多样性,提高果园生态系统的稳定性.三种种植了蜜源植物的果园中,捕食性天敌草蛉的数量分别比对照增加了134.8;、34.8;和103.7;;瓢虫类的数量分别增加了100;、161.8;和70.9;;并且新增了大眼长蝽、粉蛉和黑缘红瓢虫三种天敌,在一定程度上抑制了害虫的发生.     

黑龙江省东部豆类作物田节肢动物种类构成调查

根据对密山地区豆类作物田节肢动物种类调查,结果发现豆类作物田节肢动物种类有70种,分别属于3纲,11目,40科。     

红栀子园节肢动物群落组成与结构动态

2003年对湖北省孝感市孝南区红栀子产区的昆虫群落系统调查分析表明：红栀子园内的节肢动物共有141个种,其中昆虫纲115个种,蛛形纲26个种,主要害虫有日本龟蜡蚧、咖啡透翅天蛾、小灰蝶、茶长卷叶蛾,主要天敌昆虫为螟虫长距茧蜂、赤眼蜂、草蛉。群落结构动态分析结果表明：整个园内的昆虫群落在4月和5月份优势种明显,较不稳定,在6、7月份,则是从不稳定到较稳定。而在8月份,总体继续保持稳定,但在8月下旬出现了略微的振动。     

Effectiveness of two insect growth regulators against Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) and Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and their impact on population densities of arthropod predators in cotton in Pakistan

Field efficacies of two insect growth regulators (IGRs) at two recommended application rates, buprofezin at 370 and 555 g AI ha(-1) and lufenuron at 37 and 49 g AI ha(-1), were determined against the sweet potato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), and the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner), in experimental plots of cotton at the Directorate of Cotton Research, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Adverse effects of the IGRs on populations of associated arthropod predators, namely geocorids, chrysopids, coccinellids, formicids and arachnids, were also assessed. Both IGRs significantly reduced populations of B. tabaci at each application rate 24, 48 and 72 h after treatment, and higher doses were more effective than lower doses. Buprofezin was not effective against H. armigera at any tested dose for any time of treatment in any spray. Lufenuron applied at 37 and 49 g AI ha(-1) effectively suppressed H. armigera populations, resulting in significant reductions in crop damage. At lower doses, both IGRs appeared safe to predator populations, which did not differ significantly in IGR-treated versus untreated control plots. Population densities of formicids and coccinellids were significantly lower at high concentrations of both IGRs in treatment plots, possibly as a result of reduced prey availability. The potential role of buprofezin and lufenuron for control of B. tabaci and H. armigera in a spray programme and the likelihood of direct toxic effects of IGRs on predatory fauna of cotton are discussed.     

德宏州柠檬园节肢动物种类调查

[目的]明确德宏州柠檬产区柠檬园节肢动物种类及组成,为柠檬害虫综合防治提供科学依据.[方法]于2006年6月~2009年7月的春、夏、秋、冬四季采用肉眼观察法和网捕法,对德宏州柠檬产区19个柠檬园节肢动物种类进行调查.[结果]德宏州柠檬园中的节肢动物种类共计2纲11目50科92种,其中害虫共有2纲8目30科57种,天敌2纲6目16科29种,中性昆虫2纲2目6科6种.害虫类群以同翅目科、种所占比例最大,分别为30.00%和35.09%;天敌类群中以膜翅目的科和种所占比例最大,分别为43.75%和34.48%;中性类群主要属双翅目和蜚蠊目,其中双翅目的科和种所占比例最大,均高达83.33%.[结论]德宏州柠檬园节肢动物种类较多,以害虫的物种数和所占比例最大,天敌种类也较多,但数量较少,天敌还不能对害虫形成有效的控制,因此对柠檬园害虫防治仍以化学防治为主.     

菜田土壤节肢动物类群结构与数量动态研究

系统调查表明，菜田土壤节肢动物类群包括昆虫9目18科35种；蜱螨目3种；真螨目1种；蜘蛛3科6种，优势类群主要是紫跳虫Hypogastura commubis Folsom、菜白棘跳虫Onychiurus folsomi Schaffer用甲螨。对不同层次土壤节肢动物多样性的变化分析表明，以5－10cm层次的物种数多，多样性指数较大。同时，不同季节和不同蔬菜种类土壤节肢动物多样性差异较大，其决定因素主要为优势集中性指数和物种均匀性的变化。