北疆不同类型棉田节肢动物群落结构与多样性

运用群落生态学方法研究了北疆棉田不同邻作、灌溉方式对棉田节肢动物群落结构和多样性的影响及其在不同年份的变化趋势。结果表明,不同的邻作方式能改变棉田节肢动物群落结构,邻作小麦增加棉田天敌种类,邻作玉米增加棉田天敌个体数,对棉田害虫有较强的控制作用,而邻作西红柿作用相对较弱,生产上应充分利用邻作小麦和玉米的有利作用。2003年滴灌棉田节肢动物群落多样性指数(0.7250)和均匀度(0.2111)均大于沟灌棉田(0.1924、0.0605),群落更稳定;不同年份棉田节肢动物群落结构和多样性变化大,说明气候因素是影响节肢动物群落结构和多样性的主要原因。     

Ground-active arthropod response to distance from the Mediterranean seashore in coastal sand areas of western Israel

Information on the effects of distance from the seashore on soil biotic communities is limited and restricted to soil arthropods and microarthropods. The aim of this study, conducted in a sand-dune area, was to distinguish the changes of a ground-active arthropod community along a 4-km-transect from the seashore going inland. Pitfall traps were set up in open spaces at four locations (L1, through L2, L3, and L4 going inland) through the year. The abiotic gradient from the seashore going inland was found to be mostly dependent on seasonality. Group richness was found to be remarkably greater at the L2, L3, and L4 locations compared with the L1 location in winter, and at the L2 and L3 locations compared with the L1 location in spring. The Fisher α index was 0.32?±?0.21, 3.51?±?0.87, 5.04?±?0.70, and 4.86?±?0.54 in winter and 3.29?±?0.55, 13.79?±?1.49, 10.12?±?1.24, and 5.06?±?0.62 in spring at the L1, L2, L3, and L4 locations, respectively. Regarding abundance and group richness, the trophic relationships between predators, phytophages, omnivores, and saprophages were remarkably affected by both location and seasonality. The dominant groups and dominant index distribution of ground-active arthropod communities were found to follow a similar pattern. Soil organic carbon content was found to be the key factor driving the ground-active arthropod community structure along a coastal gradient going inland in winter and spring. We conclude that the distribution, trophic composition, and diversity index are affected by both location and seasonality, while total abundance is consistently affected by location across all three seasons.     

转cry8C/cry3A工程菌BIOT1853A对花生田主要节肢动物类群结构的影响

以受体菌株Bt185和常规化学农药为对照,研究转cry8C/cry3A工程菌BIOT1853A对花生田主要节肢动物类群数量的影响。研究结果表明:花生田地上部分主要节肢动物分为以下9个类群:蝗虫类、蟋蟀类、粉虱类、叶甲类、叶蝉类、瓢虫类、蝽类、草蛉类和蜘蛛类;施加不同浓度工程菌BIOT1853A对主要节肢动物类群的组成、数量和时序动态均无显著性影响。综合分析认为,工程菌BIOT1853A对花生田节肢动物群落无明显的负面影响。     

Insecticidal activity of scorpion toxin (ButaIT) and snowdrop lectin (GNA) containing fusion proteins towards pest species of different orders

BACKGROUND: The toxicity of a fusion protein, ButalT/GNA, comprising a venom toxin (ButaIT) derived from the red scorpion, Mesobuthus tamulus (F.), and Galanthus nivalis agglutinin (GNA), was evaluated under laboratory conditions against several pest insects. Insecticidal activity was compared with SFI1/GNA, a fusion comprising a venom toxin (SFI1) derived from the European spider Segestria florentina (Rossi) and GNA, which has been previously demonstrated to be effective against lepidopteran and hemipteran pests, and to GNA itself. RESULTS: Injection assays demonstrated that both fusion proteins were toxic to lepidopteran larvae, dipteran adults, coleopteran adults and larvae and dictyopteran nymphs. ButalT/GNA was more toxic than SFI1/GNA in all cases. GNA itself made a minor contribution to toxicity. Oral toxicity of ButalT/GNA towards lepidopteran pests was confirmed against neonate Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.), where incorporation at 2% dietary protein resulted in 50% mortality and > 85% reduction in growth compared with controls. ButaIT/GNA was orally toxic to Musca domestica L. adults, causing 75% mortality at 1 mg mL^?1 in aqueous diets and, at 2 mg g^?1 it was orally toxic to Tribolium castaneum (Herbst.), causing 60% mortality and a 90% reduction in growth. CONCLUSIONS: Toxicity of the ButaIT/GNA recombinant fusion protein towards a range of insect pests from different orders was demonstrated by injection bioassays. Feeding bioassays demonstrated the potential use of the ButaIT/GNA fusion protein as an orally active insecticide against lepidopteran, dipteran and coleopteran pests. These experiments provide further evidence that the development of fusion protein technology for the generation of new, biorational, anti‐insect molecules holds significant promise. © Crown Copyright 2009. Reproduced with permission of Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

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为了弄清喀斯特地区撂荒地植被变化对土壤节肢动物的影响,采用手捡法和干漏斗法(Tullgren法)对贵州省黔南州不同撂荒地土壤节肢动物进行调查.结果表明:在撂荒地共获得土壤节肢动物465只,隶属4纲12目37科38属,林地撂荒地优势类群为多奥甲螨属(Multioppia),草地撂荒地优势类群为管蓟马科(Phlaeothripidae)和缰板鳃甲螨属(Chamobates).草地撂荒地土壤节肢动物类群数和个体密度垂直分布表聚性明显,林地撂荒地表聚性不明显.土壤节肢动物类群数、个体密度、Shannon-wiener多样性指数和DG指数均以草地撂荒地高于林地撂荒地,但均无显著空间差异(P＞0.05).在各功能群中,杂食性土壤节肢动物所占比例最高,捕食性最低,但空间上的差异不明显(P＞0.05).在10年恢复时间内,喀斯特撂荒地植被演替方向明显影响土壤节肢动物的群落组成,但对土壤节肢动物多样性影响不明显.     

新疆莎车县棉田自然天敌数量动态

2002-2004年研究了新疆莎车县棉田节肢动物类自然天敌种群动态及棉花品种的影响。结果发现节肢动物类自然天敌67种,数量较多的共10类,即瓢虫类、蝽类、隐翅虫类、蓟马类、草蛉类、食蚜双翅目、胡蜂类、蚜茧蜂类、蜘蛛类和捕食螨类。其中瓢虫类、蝽类和蜘蛛类占天敌个体总数85%~93%。3年中这三类天敌各自所占比例,瓢虫为4%~65%,食虫蝽为19%~57%,蜘蛛为6%~34%。瓢虫、食虫蝽和蜘蛛的最高密度2002年分别为237.2、164.0、87.0头/百株,2003年分别为28.3、533.3、232.0头/百株,2004分别为1506.5、237.0、55.3头/百株。对转基因抗虫棉GK19(表达Cry1A杀虫蛋白)、SGK321(表达Cry1A CpTI杀虫蛋白)和普通棉花泗棉3号、石远321的研究表明,各种天敌在不同品种上的种群数量没有显著性差异,而喷施化学农药可以造成天敌数量明显减少。     

Detection of arboviruses in Culicoides(Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) collected from animal farms in the border areas of Yunnan Province,China

Biting midges of the genus Culicoides(order Diptera, family Ceratopogonidae) are potential biological vectors for the transmission of certain arboviruses among humans, livestock, and wild animals. This study collected a total of 405 Culicoides individuals from seven animal farms located in five counties in the border areas of Yunnan Province, China, and examined the Culicoides species composition and the major arboviruses carried by the Culicoides species. The collected Culicoides were classified into seven species with variable abundances: Culicoides arakawae(5.43%, 22/405), Culicoides homotomus(1.23%, 5/405), Culicoides obsoletus(19.75%, 80/405), Culicoides orientalis(17.28%, 70/405), Culicoides oxystoma(29.38%, 119/405), Culicoides peregrinus(5.68%, 23/405), and Culicoides nipponensis(21.23%, 86/405). Among the seven species, C. oxystoma and C. nipponensis were distributed in all the five counties with abundances of 13.33–44.87% and 10.00–46.83%, respectively, suggesting that these were the dominant species of Culicoides widespread on animal farms in the border areas. PCR was used to detect major arboviruses in the collected Culicoides specimens, including bluetongue virus(BTV), Japanese encephalitis virus, Dengue virus, Zika virus, African swine fever virus, and African horse sickness virus. Among the tested viruses, only BTV serotype 1 was tested positive in C. oxystoma specimens collected from a buffalo farm. Culicoides oxystoma was the dominant species on animal farms in the sampled areas, but it has not previously been documented as positive for BTV in China. The current results thus suggest that C. oxystoma could be an important vector for BTV transmission in these border areas, which, however, needs to be confirmed by further comprehensive experiments. Overall, the present study provides the first profile of Culicoides species on animal farms in the China, Vietnam, and Myanmar border areas, establishes the prevalence of arboviruses carried by these Culicoides species, and suggests the vector potential of C. oxystoma species for the transmission of BTV.     

渭南市草地节肢动物群落组成与多样性特征

为丰富暖温带季风气候下草地生态系统土壤动物多样性的基础资料以及为草地生态系统的保护和恢复提供科学依据,采取网捕、人工捕捉等对陕西关中平原东部渭南市草地节肢动物的多样性进行调查与鉴定。结果表明:调查区域内共采集到节肢动物803只,隶属于5纲13目46科61种;以昆虫纲的物种数量最多,占整个生境物种数量的70.24%;以物种种类数计算得知,各目包含的种数在整个生境节肢动物总种数中的占比依次为膜翅目11.48%、鳞翅目16.39%、双翅目14.75%、半翅目13.11%、蜘蛛目11.48%、鞘翅目21.31%,其他各目均只有1种物种;按照节肢动物对作物的保护或为害特性划分,调查区域内的节肢动物可划分为捕食性天敌、中性害虫和害虫,其中,中性害虫多样性指数和均匀度指数高,物种较为丰富。     

半干旱沙地草场地面节肢动物群落对封育措施的响应

以宁夏盐池国家级草原资源生态监测站为依托,选择荒漠草原典型冰草植被类型的封育(5年)与未封育样地对地面节肢动物、植物以及土壤性质进行了调查,同时分析了地面节肢动物对封育后植物和土壤变化的响应。结果表明,封育对地表植被和土壤性质均产生了明显的影响,尤其是植物个体数、高度和盖度以及生物量封育样地显著高于未封育样地(P<0.05)。调查样地共捕获地面节肢动物7目26科28个类群;封育围栏内外共有的优势类群为拟步甲科琵甲属,共有的常见类群有13个类群,共有类群数占总类群数的50%。并且,地面节肢动物对封育亦产生了积极的响应,动物群落个体数、类群数和多样性封育样地均高于未封育样地,但均没有达到显著水平(P>0.05),说明荒漠草原短期封育(5年)对地表植被和地面节肢动物具有不同的生态效应。相关分析表明,地面节肢动物类群数和Shannon指数均与土壤容重呈显著负相关(P<0.05),而优势度指数与土壤容重呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。表明土壤容重是地面节肢动物群落结构封育内外差异的主要影响因素,而且不同地面节肢动物类群对封育内外生境的选择性而表现出不同的响应特征。     

不同耕作稻田稻株上部节肢动物群落种间关联研究

研究了有机耕作和常规耕作稻田稻株上部节肢动物群落的12个主要节肢动物类群的种间关系。结果表明:不同的耕作条件下,稻田节肢动物类群及其数量种群存在较大的差异,常规耕作稻田的物种数明显较低,显著相关的种间对的数量明显少于有机耕作稻田。