Temperature Before Cold Acclimation Affects Cold Tolerance and Photoacclimation in Timothy (Phleum pratense L.), Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and Red Clover (Trifolium pratense L.)

The expected temperature rise in late summer/early autumn can change the conditions for acclimation and affect the winter survival of perennial crops. This study examined the effect of the temperature just before the onset of cold acclimation (pre‐acclimation) on freezing tolerance of timothy (Phleum pratense L.), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) populations (both cultivars and breeding populations) adapted to either northern or southern parts of Norway. Using phytotron experiments, we studied whether increasing pre‐acclimation temperature delays growth cessation, affects photoacclimation and reduces freezing tolerance. Furthermore, we assessed whether these effects were related to the latitudinal adaptation of the plant material. The results showed that a rise in pre‐acclimation temperature decreased both cold acclimation capacity and photoacclimation in these species. This affected the freezing tolerance, which was reduced significantly more in northern‐adapted population of timothy and perennial ryegrass compared with southern‐adapted populations. Red clover was less affected by temperature changes than the grasses.     

三峡库区云阳县三种类型马尾松林微生物区系及优势种群分析Ⅱ.林地空气、叶面和树皮表面

为探讨马尾松不同类型林地地上部微生物区系及优势种群及其季节性变化,对三峡库区云阳县马尾松近熟龄天然林、中龄天然林和人工林林地空气、叶面和树皮表面等地上部的可培养细菌和真菌进行了分析。结果表明,空气、叶面和树皮表面的真菌、细菌两大类微生物数量四季变化趋势基本一致,夏季和秋季的数量多于冬季和春季,中龄天然林的两大类微生物数量最大且四季变化亦最大;优势种群的种类和数量随季节和林地类型不同而有所变化。人工林空气中可培养真菌种类秋、冬、春、夏分别有4、3、4、3种,近熟龄天然林和中龄天然林四季中均为3种;优势种群多     

鲢中国土著群体与海外移居群体遗传多样性的AFLP分析

采用AFLP技术从长江群体内(邗江、老河)、中国长江、珠江、黑龙江群体间以及中国土著群体和海外移居群体(多瑙河、密西西比河)间3个层面分析了鲢自然群体在世界范围内的遗传格局。结果表明,邗江、老河、珠江、黑龙江群体的Nei氏基因多样性(H)分别为0.0481±0.1151、0.0659±0.1333、0.0510±0.1155和0.0661±0.1364,多瑙河、密西西比河群体分别为0.0576±0.1250和0.0540±0.1221;中国土著鲢总的遗传多样性(0.0729±0.1295)高于海外移居群体。AMOVA分析表明,群体间差异对群体总遗传变异的贡献率为8.14%,而群体内差异的贡献率为91.86%。长江石首与邗江群体间的遗传分化FST值为0.0701(P<0.01),长江、珠江、黑龙江群体间的FST值为0.0704(P<0.01),中国土著群体与海外移居群体间的FST值为0.0424(P<0.01),鲢中国土著群体内、土著群体与海外移居群体间均表现分化显著。研究结果为进一步监测海内、外鲢自然群体的遗传变化趋势积累基础资料。     

Mechanisms conferring resistance of Western flower thrips to bendiocarb

Mechanisms associated with bendiocarb resistance were examined in two strains of western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), that differed in their susceptibility to this carbamate by 13.6-fold. No appreciable differences between the two strains in [¹⁴C] bendiocarb penetration and excretion were detected; however, bendiocarb was metabolised substantially faster by the resistant KCM thrips than by the more susceptible UMC thrips. No appreciable difference between the two strains was found in the sensitivity of acetylcholinesterase activity to inhibition by bendiocarb. It was concluded that bendiocarb resistance in KCM western flower thrips was due to enhanced metabolism that probably was mainly oxidative in nature.     

不同地理群体多鳞鱚的形态差异分析

采用聚类分析、主成分分析和判别分析3种多元分析方法,结合可量性状和框架测定数据,对湛江、北部湾和阳江3个不同地理群体的多鳞鱚进行了形态差异的比较研究。可量性状及框架数据的聚类分析结果表明,湛江与北部湾群体之间的形态差异最小,而阳江群体则单独形成一个聚类分支。主成分分析显示,3个群体在主成分1和主成分2上的分化较显著,但仍有部分重叠交错现象;在主成分1分布上,3个群体中湛江和北部湾群体相对较接近,而与阳江群体稍微分离,与聚类分析结果相一致;此外,主成分分析表明,头部和尾部纵向长短对多鳞鱚3个不同地理群体间的形态差异贡献率最大。同时,通过对8个贡献率较大的形态比例参数进行逐步判别分析,建立了3个不同地理群体的判别函数,判别准确率P1、P2以及综合判别率均为100%。综合以上3种多元分析的结果表明,湛江、北部湾和阳江3个不同地理群体的多鳞鱚在形态上已产生一定程度的差异,而3种多元分析方法均具有很强的实用性,能从不同角度反映出3个不同地理群体间的形态差异。     

Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer on Rhizosphere Microbial Populations under Cotton Intercropped with Red Date in Arid Desert Oasis of Southern Xinjiang

[目的]为明确枣棉间作模式下不同施氮量对棉花根际微生物的影响。[方法]通过田间小区试验,研究0、150、300、450、600、750 kg/hm26种施氮水平对枣树‖棉花模式中棉花根际土壤中细菌、真菌和放线菌数量的变化动态。[结果]300和450 kg/hm2施氮量能显著增加蕾期、花期和吐絮期微生物总数量。细菌和放线菌在整个生育期中蕾期数量最少,铃期和花期较高,吐絮期次之。真菌数量各个时期变化不大。适宜施氮量能增加铃期枣棉间作交际行棉花根际土微生物数量。[结论]该研究可为枣棉间作系统合理施用氮肥提供科学依据。     

Molecular genetic structure and relationship of Chinese and Hungarian common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) strains based on mitochondrial sequence

China and Hungary are major providers of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) in East Asia and Europe respectively. However, the genetic variation and relationship of this species in the two countries have been poorly understood. In this study, mitochondrial COII‐tRNA^Lys and D‐loop sequences were analysed to investigate the genetic structure and relationships of the representative wild and domesticated common carps distributed in China and Hungary. The results indicated that the genetic diversities of the Chinese common carps are higher than those of Hungarian common carps, and the diversities of the wild common carps are higher than those of domesticated common carps in both the countries. Analysis of molecular variance and pairwise F_ST demonstrated a significant genetic divergence between the Chinese and the Hungarian common carps, and between the wild and the domesticated common carps. Bayesian phylogenetic analysis and statistical parsimony network showed an obvious genetic differentiation between the Chinese and the Hungarian common carps, between the wild and the domesticated common carps. However, a few specimens and haplotypes from the Chinese wild common carps appeared in the Hungarian common carps, demonstrating that there was no absolutely isolated and possible genetic linker between the Chinese and the Hungarian common carps.     

Genetic diversity of natural populations of Atriplex halimus L. in Morocco: An isoenzyme-based overview

Based on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, nine natural populations of Atriplex halimus L., a perennial shrub, collected in different regions of Morocco, were studied for their genetic variation using isoenzyme polymorphism of the highly active enzyme systems: esterases (EST), acid phosphatases (ACP) and glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT). Different allozyme frequencies from 7 different loci were obtained for all populations of this halophyte species. High levels of genetic diversity were revealed. The mean number of alleles per locus (A = 1.9–2.0), the percentage of polymorphic loci (p = 71.4–85.7) and the mean expected heterozygosity (H_e = 0.339–0.385) showed an important variability in all populations. Gene diversity was essentially explained by the within population component. The between populations differentiation accounted for 8% of the whole diversity (F_ST, averaged over all loci, is 0.08). The relationships among the 9 populations were inferred from the Nei’s genetic distances. Four major groups were formed. The northern population ‘Tanger’, forming a unique group, was highly divergent from the other groups. It appeared that the genetic distance between all groups was related to the geographic distance that separates them. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting sugars, organic acids and other biochemical properties possibly contributing to flavor, identified in four advanced backcross populations of tomato

Although the Advanced Backcross strategy has proven very useful for QTL detection in tomato, it has been used mainly in identifying QTL for agronomic traits such as yield, color, etc. Tomato flavor is an important quality characteristic, yet it has been difficult to assess flavor or traits that affect it. In this study the AB-QTL strategy was applied to four advanced backcross populations to identify QTL for biochemical properties that may contribute to the flavor of processed tomatoes, such as sugars and organic acids. A total of 222 QTL were identified for 15 traits, including flavor as assessed by a taste panel. Correlations of certain biochemicals with flavor and possible methods of assessing and improving flavor are discussed. In particular, QTL with very significant effects associated with the ratio of sugars/glutamic acid, a trait highly correlated with improved flavor, have been identified as good targets for future work in improving the flavor of tomatoes. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Selection for seed yield in Middle American versus Andean × Middle American interracial common-bean populations

The objective of this study was to compare the seed yield, seed weight, and maturity of random lines derived from two contrasting populations of common bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.): Middle American (TR 7790) and Andean × Middle American (TR 7791). TR 7790 involved crosses between common-bean races of Middle American origin only (Mesoamerica and Durango), whereas TR 7791 involved crosses between races of Middle American and Andean origin (Mesoamerica and Nueva Granada). A total of 85 random lines from each of these two double-cross, interracial populations, a bulk sample of both populations, and all parents were evaluated in a replications-in-set design in eight environments in Colombia between 1991 and 1993. The mean yields of parents, population bulk, and lines from TR 7790 were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those of TR 7791. Six lines in TR 7790 and nine lines in TR 7791 yielded significantly higher (P < 0.05) than the mean of their parents. Four lines from TR 7790 out-yielded the highest-yielding line from TR 7791. Moreover, while three lines from TR 7790 out-yielded its best parent, none of the lines from TR 7791 out-yielded its highest yielding parent. Thus, substantial yield gains should be expected from interracial populations within the Middle American group of common beans, whereas selection for higher seed yield from Andean × Middle American populations would seem problematic.