干旱地区不同生境庭荠生物量的分布研究

采用野外生态学试验和室内分析方法相结合, 分析了3种不同生境内短命植物庭荠种群的生物量特征。结果表明:庭荠种群株高、各器官生物量和总生物量在不同生境间显著差异, 且多数变异系数高于70%, 以林地植株数量性状变异最大; 在不同生境内根和茎生物量随总生物量增加均呈幂函数形式增长, 表现为相似的异速生长规律, 茎生物量的增长速率(b_茎生物量=1.153 4)最高, 叶和果实生物量分别呈幂函数或线形增长, 果实生物量随根、茎和叶生物量变化趋势表现为幂函数和线性增长关系; 庭荠植株生物量和生长情况在样地内和样地间受随机环境因子和自身遗传因子的内外调控而表现出一定的异同点。     

干旱半干旱地区双垄地布覆盖对土壤水分的影响

为探明一种可替代覆盖材料的可行性,在甘肃省定西市安定区开展了为期1 a的监测试验,试验设防草地布加地膜覆垄(MB)、防草地布覆垄(DB)和裸地起垄(CK)3种处理,利用土壤水分、水势传感器分别对沟内地表下5、15 cm的土壤含水率、水势进行监测,结果表明:(1)表层5 cm土壤水分日变化呈复杂波形,受不同覆垄处理和季节性天气变化的影响显著;(2)0～20 cm土层的水分年变化主要受降雨、露水和蒸发强度的影响,表现为春冬干、夏秋湿的特点,在11月至翌年2月期间MB和DB覆垄处理土壤水分净损失量要高于CK裸地垄,而在作物生育期内(5—9月)覆垄处理土壤储水净增量为DB最大(36.35 mm)、MB次之(30.73 mm)、CK最小(16.30 mm);(3)MB和DB覆垄能明显加快雨露叠加,增加土壤水储存,而CK处理下叠加效应弱,且深层土壤对降雨不敏感,具有滞后性,但随着连续降雨的发生,表层土壤储水量加大,这种滞后性明显减弱;(4) 0～20 cm土层土壤储水量日变化幅度为夏季最大(平均1.20 mm·d^-1),春季次之(1.03 mm·d^-1)...     

酿酒葡萄根区微生物特性研究

同一栽培条件下,以定植不同品种酿酒葡萄的土壤样品为分析材料,在开花期对葡萄根区细菌、放线菌、真菌分别进行分离培养和记数,并对根区细菌生理群的数量和微生物种群多样性进行分析.结果表明3个品种葡萄根区微生物的数量分布均以细菌占绝对优势,其次为放线菌、真菌.自生固氮菌、氨化细菌的数量规律为品丽珠（CF）＞黑比诺（PN）＞赤霞珠（CS）;无机磷细菌的数量规律为CF＞PN＞CS,且无机磷细菌的数量均明显大于有机磷细菌的数量.3个品种葡萄根区微生物在种群多样性方面也有差异,表现为PN、CS根区微生物种群多样性指数在数值上很接近,其中,CF根区细菌的种群多样性指数高于PN、CS的.     

西北旱区农业遥感的需求分析与发展建议

【目的 】文章旨在分析我国西北旱区农业发展趋势的基础上,探讨西北旱区农业遥感发展存在的机遇与挑战,并为发展西北旱区农业遥感提出相应建议。【方法 】该文分析了特色农业资源调查、抗旱种质资源选育、现代农业发展、区域耕地保护、乡村振兴、推动落实“一带一路”倡议等西北旱区农业发展对农业遥感技术的迫切需求,在此基础上探讨了作物对象众多、自然条件苛刻、新平台新数据大量涌现、现有遥感产品难以直接应用、实地观测数据和区域专家知识缺乏等西北旱区农业遥感发展所面临的问题;指出了旱区发展农业遥感技术在国家政策、科技发展等方面的机遇,并提出了相应的发展建议。【结果 】西北旱区农业发展对农业遥感技术的需求极为迫切,但当前的农业遥感算法和农业遥感产品难以满足西北旱区农业发展的定制化需求。【结论 】通过构建旱区特色农业遥感样本数据库、加强旱区特色农业遥感算法研究、建立西北旱区盐碱地“天—空—地”立体监测网络、完善全国农业遥感区域网络、建立旱区农业遥感多级合作机制与平台等方式,加强旱区农业遥感技术和平台建设。总之,助力农业新质生产力的发展是当前西北旱区农业高质量发展的迫切任务,也是促进农业遥感学科发展的必然趋势。     

四川省亚热带湿润气候区紫花苜蓿的生产特点

分析了四川亚热带湿润区的气候,土壤和地形特征,指出了紫花苜蓿在这一地区的主要受限因素,并提出在四川湿润地区推广种植紫花苜蓿要注重抗湿、抗热、耐酸品种的选育,同时要提高田间管理水平。在紫花苜蓿的利用上,要以饲草利用为基础,采用菜用、蜜用相结合的方式,提高经济收益,以解决紫花苜蓿在南方地区生产,管理和运输成本高的问题,扩大紫花苜蓿在四川的种植规模。     

Photoacceleration of plant litter decomposition in an arid environment

In arid ecosystems, abiotic processes facilitate the physical and chemical degradation of plant litter to the extent that decomposition models that use climatic and litter composition variables as surrogates for microbial activity are not predictive. The purpose of this study was to estimate the potential contribution of photodegradation to the decomposition of plant litters that varies in architecture and chemical composition. Litter of Pinus edulis, Juniperus monosperma and Populus deltoides were exposed to ambient and attenuated sunlight, with and without supplemental water additions, at a riparian forest site along the Middle Rio Grande (New Mexico, USA). Mass loss, elemental composition, and microbial extracellular enzyme activities (EEA) were measured over 639 days. The composition of the fungal communities associated with the decomposing litters was compared by analyses of fungal ITS nrDNA sequences. Litter exposed to ambient sunlight had greater mass loss rates than shaded litter, independent of the water treatment: Populus increased by 100%, Pinus by 86% and Juniperus by 46%. The increases were proportional to exposed litter surface area per g dry mass. EEA potentials, particularly oxidative activities, were low in comparison to those measured in mesic ecosystems. For Populus litter, the principal driver of photoacceleration appeared to be photodegradation of cellulose; for Pinus, it was photodegradation of polyphenols; for Juniperus accelerated mass loss was associated with photodegradation of both polysaccharides and polyphenols. Fungal community composition varied by litter type, but the dominant colonizers were yeasts and dark-septate hyphal taxa; a finding consistent with the low enzymatic oxidation potential. This study shows that photochemical oxidation can supplement enzymatic oxidation and increase decomposition rates. As a result, organic matter decomposition in arid ecosystems is not restricted to periods of high moisture availability as is plant production. This decoupling may partly account for the low soil organic matter content of these ecosystems.     

寒地半干旱地区覆膜玉米降解地膜筛选试验

为选择适宜降解地膜应用于寒地半干旱地区玉米生产,减少环境污染,采用大区对比方法,研究了不同降解地膜的降解时间对覆膜玉米产量的影响。结果表明:在覆膜后50~70d开始出现诱导期的降解膜不会减少覆膜玉米的产量,能够达到与常规地膜同样的保墒增温效果,而且降解后不会影响水份对玉米根系的直接补给,能够促进玉米产量的提高,减少残留地膜对耕地产生的环境污染。所以在寒地半干旱地区进行降解地膜栽培,降解速度较快,覆膜后50~70d开始出现诱导期裂纹的2、5号可降解地膜处理较为适宜。     

基于生态效益下城镇(郊)陡坡及人工立面不同坡度景观林评价——以干旱半干旱区为例

通过对不同坡度景观林的叶面积指数及净光合速率和蒸腾速率等生理指标的测定,换算得到不同坡度景观林固碳释氧、吸热释水等生态效益指标。结果表明,若注重绿化覆盖度及三维绿量,则以叶面积指数为主导,在台地及0°～20°坡地选择侧柏(LAI∶0.648)为骨干树种;在20°～40°坡地选择山桃(LAI∶0.488)为骨干树种;在40°以上坡面,选择胶东卫矛(LAI∶0.743)和火棘(LAI∶0.589)为骨干树种。若注重生态效益,则以固碳释氧量为主导,在台地及0°～20°坡地选择侧柏(17.587、12.791g·m^-2·d^-1)为骨干树种;在20°～40°坡地选择山桃(18.662、13.572g·m^-2·d^-1)为骨干树种;在40°以上坡面,选择火棘(14.218、10.340g·m^-2·d^-1)为骨干树种。若注重城市或城镇热岛效应,则以吸热释氧量为主导,在台地及0°～20°坡地选择酸枣(1 149.524kJ·m^-2·d^-1,1 990.498g·m^-2·d^-1)为骨干树种;在20°～40°坡地选择山桃(929.407kJ·m^-2·d^-1,1 609.346g·m^-2·d^-1)为骨干树种;在40°以上坡面,选择火棘(1481.387kJ·m^-2·d^-1,2 565.145g·m^-2·d^-1)为骨干树种。针对不同生态需求选择不同景观林是完成干旱半干旱城镇(郊)陡坡及人工立面景观林配置的关键。     

三峡水库近坝段消落区土壤重金属分布特征及污染评价

为探究三峡水库近坝段消落区土壤重金属分布特征,保障区域水生态安全,分别在兰陵溪、郭家坝和龙潭坪消落区的160 m以下、160～170 m和170 m以上3个高程区间内采集土壤样品进行重金属含量分析,并利用单项污染指数法、综合污染指数法和潜在生态风险指数法评估该地区重金属污染程度和潜在危害。结果表明,重金属平均含量均在安全阈值以内,不同地区重金属分布存在空间异质性,除Cd、Ni外,As、Cr、Cu、Pb和Zn在龙潭坪地区处于最低水平,分别为13.97、25.37、209.36、133.36和78.03 mg/kg;不同高程的重金属分布不均匀,并且Cr和Ni两者间,As、Pb和Cd三者间均存在相关关系。单项污染指数法表明,尽管部分研究区Cu、Ni、Zn元素的计算值出现波动,但各地区和各高程区间重金属单项污染指数平均值均低于1。综合污染指数表明,兰陵溪和郭家坝消落区为Ⅱ级尚清洁水平,龙潭坪消落区为Ⅰ级清洁水平;3个高程区间均属于Ⅱ级尚清洁水平。潜在生态风险指数表明,该地区为轻度潜在生态危害,主要生态风险元素为Cd,且兰陵溪>郭家坝>龙潭坪消落区,160～170 m>170 ...     

Comparative Assessment of Grassland NPP Dynamics in Response to Climate Change in China,North America,Europe and Australia from 1981 to 2010

Although climate change has been modifying grassland ecosystems for a long time, few studies on grassland ecosystems have focused on large‐scale responses to climate change. Hence, grassland net primary productivity (NPP) from 1981 to 2010, as well as its variations in China, North America, Europe and Australia, was assessed and compared using a synthetic model in this study. Subsequently, the correlations between the NPP of each grassland type and climate factors were evaluated to reveal the responses of grassland eco‐systems to climate change. The results showed that North America, which has the largest area of grassland ecosystems, exhibits maximum grassland NPP of 4225.30 ± 215.43 Tg DW year^?1, whereas Europe, which has the least area of grassland ecosystems among the four regions, exhibits minimum grassland NPP of 928.95 ± 24.68 Tg DW year^?1. Grassland NPP presented an increasing trend in China and Australia, but decreasing in Europe and North America from 1981 to 2010. In addition, grassland NPP is positively correlated with mean annual precipitation, but demonstrates notable differences with mean annual temperature. In conclusion, climate change has a significant role in explaining the spatiotemporal patterns of and the variations in grassland NPP in the four regions.