Spatial occupancy patterns and activity of arid rangeland cattle grazing small riparian pastures

The spatial occupancy patterns and activity of cattle grazing three riparian pastures was investigated in northeastern Oregon using Global Positioning System (GPS) collars logging at 1‐sec intervals. Cattle consistently selected plant communities as grazing areas that had forage in sufficient volume to meet their requirements and favored communities as resting areas that were dry and open. Cattle were stationary for more than 50% of the time in each pasture and consistently rested between dark and 04:00 hours. Interaction with stream channels was found to be 1‐2% of total occupancy time and occurred on less than 10% of channel length. Cattle were indifferent or avoided channel areas relative to their area and, when in this zone, they spent most of their time moving not resting. Cattle did not prefer the stream bank zone and spent only 2% of their time in that zone. When occupied, the stream bank zone was used as a travel corridor to gain access to water or cross the channel to access other pasture areas. These results are in contrast with the general belief that cattle are a primary occupant of the stream bank/channel area; additional research is needed to define factors influencing cattle occupancy.     

草地生态系统的保护及治理对策

草地生态系统是以各种多年生草本占优势的生物群落与其环境构成的功能综合体,它是人类生存和发展的物质基础,也是人类可持续发展的重要前提.但是,由于人们不合理的利用草地,全世界的草地退化越来越严重,草地的退化不仅给生态环境造成了难以承受的压力,而且从健康、生存环境、生活质量方面给人类造成了严重的影响.笔者分析了草地生态系统的现状,并提出了草地生态系统的合理利用和保护方法及治理对策.     

旅游活动对生态环境及牧草资源的影响

随着国家经济快速增长,居民生活水平得到巨大提升,假期出行旅游已成为国民重要的精神文明需求,但当前我国草原旅游业发展不够成熟,旅游活动增加对草原生态环境及牧草资源造成了一定影响,这其中既有积极的影响也包含消极影响,本文通过以当前我国草原生态系统环境承载能力为切入点,以草原生态系统一级牧草资源生长所需条件为前提,深入挖掘旅...     

宁夏盐池草地典型群落枯落物与土壤和水热的关系

摘要：利用原位观测法及分解袋埋放法对宁夏盐池县草地生态系统典型群落枯落物进行研究,得到以下结果,1）试验地冰草（Agropyron cristatum）、甘草（Glycyrrhiza uralensis）、沙蒿(Artemisia desertorum)、赖草(Leymus secalinus)枯落物蓄积月动态与月降水量、均温没有显著相关性,4种枯落物蓄积量10月达最大值,且月波动变异系数较高,为71.77%~107.91%;2）各典型群落枯落物含水量与土壤含水量呈显著正相关（P<0.05）;3）各典型群落枯落物的分解能引起土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾的变化,但是对土壤全磷、全钾的影响不明显。     

祁连山南麓高寒灌丛GPP变化特征及对生长季积温的响应

全球气候变化背景下气温逐渐升高,将会对陆地生态系统碳循环产生重要影响.研究利用2003-2016年的涡度相关系统观测资料,研究了祁连山南麓高寒灌丛生长季(5月-9月)总初级生产力(gross primary productivity,GPP)在不同时间尺度上对生长季有效积温(growing season degree ...     

林草复合系统的生态学及经济学效益评价

综合分析和评价了啤特果树Pyrus ussuriensis-紫花苜蓿Medicago sativa、啤特果树-小麦Triticum aestivum两种复合系统的生态学效应和经济效益。结果表明:啤特果树-紫花苜蓿复合系统和啤特果树-小麦复合系统的土壤容重分别为1.39和1.45 g/cm3。啤特果树-紫花苜蓿复合系统中非毛管孔隙度(4.72%)和总孔隙度(58.96%)均大于啤特果树-小麦复合系统中非毛管孔隙度(4.15%)和总孔隙度(50.80%),说明林下种植紫花苜蓿较种植小麦更有利于疏松土壤、改良土壤结构;啤特果树-紫花苜蓿复合系统的不同土壤层土壤含水量均大于啤特果树-小麦复合系统的土壤含水量,说明林下紫花苜蓿比小麦的保水蓄水能力强;紫花苜蓿和小麦的茎叶持水率分别为37.3%和25.8%,说明林下紫花苜蓿更能减少地表径流,从而减轻水土流失;紫花苜蓿比小麦更能有效地缓解地面温度的激增和激减;种植紫花苜蓿比种粮食作物多收入3 900~8 850元/hm2。因此林下种植紫花苜蓿较种植小麦具有显著的生态效益和经济效益。     

草坪生态系统中碳汇与碳源的研究进展

本文综述了国内外关于草坪生态系统中碳汇与碳源的相关研究以及各种自然环境因子和人为管理措施对草坪生态系统中碳汇与碳源影响的研究进展,并指出目前研究存在的问题和需要改进的方面,从而为今后的相关研究提供参考。     

氮添加对内蒙古不同草原生物量及土壤碳氮变化特征的影响

以内蒙古草甸草原、典型草原、荒漠草原3种草原实验区草地植物群落为研究对象, 设置7种氮添加梯度, 分别为CK（0 g N·m^-2·a^-1）、N₁（5 g N·m^-2·a^-1）、N₂（10 g N·m^-2·a^-1）、N₃（15 g N·m^-2·a^-1）、N₄（20 g N·m^-2·a^-1）、N₅（25 g N·m^-2·a^-1）、N₆（30 g N·m^-2·a^-1）,应用单因素方差分析（One-way ANOVA）方法研究不同浓度梯度氮添加下不同草原类型区植被生物量、土壤碳氮差异及其影响因素。结果表明：1）氮添加并未对3种草原类型地下生物量产生显著影响（P>0.05）,但显著提高了草甸草原和荒漠草原地上生物量（P<0.05）,且本研究初步判断在N₃添加时接近饱和阈值, 整体上氮添加使内蒙古草原总生物量平均增加了29.66%,较干旱的荒漠草原对氮添加的响应较为明显。施氮肥使草甸草原的根冠比显著降低（P<0.05）,典型草原根冠比在N₃处理下显著增加（P<0.05）,但对荒漠草原影响不显著（P>0.05）。2）选择不同土层（0~10 cm、10~30 cm）分析氮添加对3种草地类型土壤有机碳、全氮含量的影响, 结果显示氮添加对草甸草原土壤碳氮含量没有显著影响（P>0.05）,对典型草原和荒漠草原土壤碳氮含量存在显著影响（P<0.05）,且0~10 cm土层对施氮的响应更明显。3）施氮条件下地上生物量与土壤C/N、年均降水显著相关（P<0.01）,地下生物量、总生物量均与土壤全氮含量、有机碳含量、土壤C/N、年均温、年均降水显著相关（P<0.01）。总的来说,不同类型的草地生态系统生物量及土壤碳氮含量对施肥的响应存在差异,这意味着草地恢复与管理过程中需要对养分的添加作用进行考虑。     

Seasonal variations in the diet and food selection of the Algerian hedgehog Atelerix algirus

The Algerian hedgehog Atelerix algirus is an insectivorous species. However, the exact composition of its natural diet remains largely undetermined, especially in relation to seasonal variations in food availability. From March to November, we simultaneously analysed the composition of 180 hedgehog faecal samples and food availability in the Soumman Valley, Algeria to assess food selection in this species. The faeces contained 196 different prey species, of which 92% belonged to the class Insecta. The highest prey species diversity was found in the Coleoptera order (100 species recorded) and the highest species occurrence was found in Hymenoptera (65% of the prey items, mainly represented by the harvester ant Messor barbarus, a crop-ravaging species). This study shows that the Algerian hedgehog is mainly a generalist species with a diet that is strongly linked to food availability. However, seasonal variations were observed in prey selection, and a notable shift in food preference was observed during autumn. The exact nature of these changes in feeding behaviour remains to be investigated, notably in relation to changes in energy requirements of this species before hibernation, in terms of quantity and/or quality.     

草地生态系统氮循环关键过程对全球变化及人类活动的响应与机制

氮(N)是蛋白质、核酸、酶、激素、叶绿素等物质的主要组成部分,对生态系统结构的组成和功能的发挥具有十分重要的影响。国际地圈与生物圈计划(IGBP)以及政府间气候变化委员会(IPCC)的许多大型研究计划均把氮素循环过程作为其核心研究内容。草原生态系统作为地球上宝贵的自然资源,其功能的发挥对于维持全球及区域性生态平衡有极其重要的作用。但迄今为止,对草地氮循环关键过程及其对全球变化(CO₂浓度升高、温度与降水变化、氮沉降)以及人类活动(放牧、开垦、火烧等)响应与反馈的认知远不及对草地碳循环过程那么系统与深入,迫切需要开展相关领域系统的科学试验研究。本文综述了目前国内外全球变化和人类活动因子对草地氮循环过程影响的相关研究成果,分析了其主要影响途径以及关键机制,在此基础上对目前研究中存在的不足进行了剖析,并对未来研究中迫切需要关注的重点研究方向进行了探讨与展望。