浙江省低丘缓坡区水土流失及其对策

浙江省低丘缓坡区有土地资源3万8235km^2,对浙江省经济建设与社会发展具有重要意义。阐述浙江省低丘缓坡区土地资源开发利用的主要领域及发展趋势,分析低丘缓坡土地资源开发利用中水土保持存在的主要问题,提出水土流失综合治理的对策。     

城市绿地降温增湿效应与其结构特征相关性研究

在太原市区选择2类10个不同结构特征的绿地为研究样本,利用HOBO Pro温、湿度数据采集器对绿地水平和垂直方向上温湿度变化进行测定,研究绿地绿量、叶面积指数、绿地面积、周长面积比4个绿地特征要素与绿地降温增湿效应之间的相关性。结果表明,在水平方向上,绿地降温增湿效应与绿地面积、绿量显著正相关,与绿地周长面积比值显著负相关;在垂直方向上,绿地降温增湿效应与绿量显著正相关,降温效应与叶面积指数显著正相关,增湿效应与叶面积指数正相关性不显著。绿地绿量是衡量绿地生态效益的关键因子,应将其作为绿地系统评价体系的一项重要指标。从城市绿地规划与建设的角度看,在增加绿地面积和提高绿量的同时,一方面要重视大面积斑块的绿地,提高其在绿地系统中的比重,另一方面根据绿地用途相应地选择不同的形状,使城市绿化改善城市生态环境的效应得到充分发挥。     

农村景观格局的水环境效应研究进展

我国农村地区水环境污染与水生态系统功能退化问题日益突出。本文综述了近年来国内外学者关于农村景观格局对水环境质量、水资源调配的影响及其优化方法与途径方面的研究进展。总体来看,诸多研究主要集中在中小尺度、对单一景观组分的静态研究,而基于大尺度和多景观组分的动态研究相对不足,国内模型研究多停留在对现有成熟模型的参数修正和简单耦合阶段,不同景观组分空间配置格局对水环境影响及其情景模拟研究少有报道。农村景观格局对水环境效应的生态、水文作用机理、基于流域尺度的模型耦合及其不确定性分析、景观格局优化方法及其情景预测和服务于决策管理的应用研究亟待开展。     

Organic geochemical parameters for estimation of petrogenic inputs in the coastal area of Kavala City,Greece

Background, aims, and scope  Sediments and soils in coastal areas are frequently polluted by anthropogenic contaminants as the result of both riverine or terrestrial discharge and autochthonic marine emissions. In order to determine petrogenic contamination in the coastal industrial area of Kavala City in northern Greece, a combination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) and organic geochemical petroleum biomarker analyses has been performed on marine and freshwater sediments as well as soils. Materials and methods  Soils, freshwater, and marine sediments have been treated by standard extraction methods. The dried and desulphurized sample extracts have been fractionated by column chromatography, followed by addition of surrogate standards. Qualitative and quantitative data were obtained by gas chromatograph connected with a flame ionization and electron capture detector (GC-FID/ECD) and by GC linked to a mass spectrometer (GC/MS), whereas identification of compounds was based on EI⁺-mass spectra and gas chromatographic retention times. Quantitative data were obtained by integration of specific ion chromatograms. Results  The total PAH concentrations measured in the area varied highly, showing different levels from 18 up to 318,000 ng g⁻¹ dry weight (dw). Several PAH ratios, as well as the ratio of pristane (Pr) to phytane (Phyt), have been considered. Out of 39 samples, 22 revealed a specific distribution of hopane fingerprints indicating petrogenic input. Finally, in numerous samples, the ratio of 17α(H)-22,29,30-trisnorhopane (Tm) and 18α(H)-22,29,30-trisnorhopane (Ts) was calculated, as well as the ratio of 22S-17α(H),21β(H)-30 homohopane (αβC₃₁-hopane 22S) and 22R-17α(H),21β(H)-30 homohopane (αβC₃₁-hopane 22R). Discussion  Based on the specific PAH ratios, a group of samples was clearly characterized to be contaminated dominantly by combustion-derived emissions, whereas a second group of samples exhibited mixed influence from petrogenic and pyrogenic PAHs. On the other hand, the exhibition of specific hopane fingerprints in many samples indicates a direct petrogenic input. Finally, the values of the ratio of Tm/(Ts + Tm) and of αβC₃₁-hopanes 22S/(22S+22R)-isomer demonstrated an input of highly mature organic matter that has to be clearly attributed to petroleum-derived contamination, while the ratio of Pr/Phyt showed that most samples exhibited an input of organic matter. Conclusions  The coastal area of Kavala is strongly affected by anthropogenic contaminants. Petrogenic emissions were pointed out firstly by PAH analyses that separated dominantly pyrogenic contaminated sites from areas affected by both pyrogenic and petrogenic emissions. However, analyses of organic geochemical biomarkers revealed a much higher sensitivity in identifying petroleum-derived contaminations and were successfully used to differentiate several petrogenic contaminations in the marine and terrestrial samples. Recommendations and perspectives  Based on this study, it was recommended to use a complementary approach of source-specific substances to successfully characterize petrogenic emissions. Generally, a PAH-based source identification of petrogenic versus pyrogenic contaminations should be combined with petroleum biomarker analysis. PAH and biomarker ratios as well as individual biomarker fingerprints revealed a more comprehensive view on the quality and quantity of petrogenic emissions in sediments and soils.     

Retention of dissolved organic matter by illitic soils and clay fractions: Influence of mineral phase properties

The dependency of the retention of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) on mineral phase properties in soils remains uncertain especially at neutral pH. To specifically elucidate the role of mineral surfaces and pedogenic oxides for DOC retention at pH 7, we sorbed DOC to bulk soil (illitic surface soils of a toposequence) and corresponding clay fraction (< 2 μm) samples after the removal of organic matter and after removal of organic matter and pedogenic oxides. The DOC retention was related to the content of dithionite‐extractable iron, specific surface area (SSA, BET‐N₂ method) and cation exchange capacity (pH 7). The reversibility of DOC sorption was determined by a desorption experiment. All samples sorbed 20–40 % of the DOC added. The DOC sorption of the clay fractions explained the total sorption of the bulk soils. None of the mineral phase properties investigated was able to solely explain the DOC retention. A sorption of 9 to 24 μg DOC m^–2 indicated that DOC interacted only with a fraction of the mineral surface, since loadings above 500 μg m^–2 would be expected for a carbon monolayer. Under the experimental conditions used, the surface of the silicate clay minerals seemed to be more important for the DOC sorption than the surface of the iron oxides. The desorption experiment removed 11 to 31 % of the DOC sorbed. Most of the DOC was strongly sorbed.     

开发建设项目水土保持监测信息系统设计

在日本冈山县备前市久久井地区的一片森林火烧迹地,布设了3块不同样地进行调查取样和室内实验对比分析.对火烧后由于降雨所引起的土壤理化性质的动态变化进行了数据分析.结果表明,3块样地土壤的pH值、物理性质以及养分的流失程度均不同.根据研究结果,探讨了减少土壤养分流失的方法,从而选择最适植被恢复方式,为火烧迹地的植被恢复提供理论依据.     

辽西风沙半干旱区旱作农田水资源研究

辽西风沙半干旱区年降水量多为二、三年左右的丰枯交替,并有持续4年以上的连续干旱,尤其是1980年以后连续干旱的年份较多。区域内春旱严重,夏季降水明显集中,秋季水分收支基本平衡。以土壤水分季节变化情况可分为:冬季土壤水分凝聚、冻结、累积阶段,春季解冻、返浆、土壤水分大量蒸散阶段,夏季土壤水分大量累积阶段,秋季土壤水分缓慢蒸发阶段。     

三峡库区森林植被坡面产流特性

以重庆缙云山4种不同植被类型坡面为研究对象,对2002年降雨和地表产流实测值进行对比分析,结果表明:三峡库区4种坡面在相同的降雨条件下,产流量依次为:混交林地(65.18 mm)＞毛竹林地(64.72 mm)＞灌木林地(30.52 mm)＞阔叶林(18.71 mm),并且产流量集中分布在4-9月,其中阔叶林的产流量为4种植被类型坡面中最低,表明阔叶林相对于其它坡面在调节径流方面的作用最大;地表特性各因素与产流量间的灰关联度大小依次为:土层厚度＞枯落物量＞林分郁闭度＞坡度,地表特性各因素对产流量的影响均较大,其中土层厚度对产流量的影响最大,而坡度对产流量的影响最小;产流量与降雨量都表现出较好的线性相关关关系,且土层厚度直接影响着起始产流雨量.     

基于物理化学调控方法的水分时空分布试验

利用室内人工降雨试验,采用3因素3水平正交试验设计方案,研究物理化学调控方法实施情况下坡面土体中水分的时空分布状况。结果表明,物理调控方法可以调节降雨在坡面上的空间分布状况,在同一坡度条件下,面积比为1:2和1:1的处理的湿润锋尾部变化梯度及湿润锋深度均大于面积比为0:3的处理,且湿润锋分布的均匀程度较高。文中使用的入渗率计算公式可真实反映沿坡面各点的入渗率变化过程,入渗量计算公式可计算出降雨入渗量,且精度较高。化学调控方法由于能够维持土壤的物理结构,可以提高土壤的早期降雨入渗率,并增加入渗区上部的降雨入渗量,进而缩小坡面各点的水分分布差异。物理化学调控方法在坡面上配合使用可以提高降雨利用率,但其实际应用效果仍需进一步研究。     

基于STIRPAT模型的耕地面积变化及其影响因素

经济快速发展对耕地面积减少的影响,是当前土地利用变化研究领域的热点之一。该文利用STIRPAT模型,以苏州市1978-2005年耕地面积数据及其相关社会经济影响因素的时间序列数据为例,分析了人口、产业结构和城市化水平对耕地面积变化的影响及富裕度与耕地占用之间的相关性。结果表明:在诸多影响因素中,人口数量的变化是引起改革开放以来苏州市耕地面积减少的主要因素;而第三产业增加值占地区生产总值比重和城市化率的变化对耕地面积的减少也发挥着重要作用;在观测数据范围内,富裕度和耕地面积之间存在类似环境Kuznets曲线,并且苏州市正处于该曲线的前期阶段,属于矛盾的凸显期。据此,研究认为缓解苏州市耕地面积减少的压力可从控制人口、调整产业结构、提高城市化水平、转变经济增长方式等方面入手。