昆虫病原线虫共生菌5-5B培养特性及杀虫活性研究

对一株昆虫病原线虫共生菌5-5B菌株的发酵条件进行的研究结果表明,最适温度为28℃,最适起始pH7.3～7.8,最佳振荡频率160r/min,250ml三角瓶内装液40ml,接菌量为4%。5-5B菌株发酵液对小菜蛾初孵幼虫的杀虫活性研究表明,250ml三角瓶内装液40ml时,校正死亡率为62.78%;接菌量4%时,校正死亡率63.84%;起始pH7.3时,校正死亡率65.49%。     

植物提取物、碳酸钠和碳酸氢钠室内对杨树溃疡病菌生长的抑制作用

 采用菌丝生长速率法用金银花的花、黄花蒿的地上部分、蓝桉果实和黄柏果实的乙醇提取物及其不同极性的组分对杨树溃疡病菌菌丝生长的抑制作用进行了测定。以黄柏果实的抗菌活性最强,其次是金银花的花。抗菌活性成分主要存在于金银花的正丁醇组分、黄花蒿的石油醚组分和乙酸乙酯组分、蓝桉的水部分、黄柏的正丁醇组分。当培养基中碳酸钠和碳酸氢钠的浓度分别为8g/L时(对应的pH值分别为10.24和7.71),菌丝生长抑制率分别为100.00%和79.68%。如果用1mol/L氢氧化钠溶液调节培养基的pH值至10.00,菌丝生长抑制率为40.58%。说明碳酸钠或碳酸氢钠对菌丝生长的抑制作用,一方面是由于改变了培养基的pH值,另一方面可能是由于碳酸根和碳酸氢根离子抑制了菌丝的生长。     

2-硝基-1-芳乙烯类化合物的设计合成及其对稻瘟病菌的抑制活性

为了筛选得到对稻瘟病菌Magnaporthe grisea具有较高抑菌活性的新型化合物,根据稻瘟病菌中1,3,8-三羟基萘酚还原酶（3HNR）的结构信息,设计合成了系列2-硝基-1-芳乙烯（2a~2e）和2-溴-2-硝基-1-芳乙烯（3a,3b）目标化合物,并测试了其对3HNR和稻瘟病菌的抑制活性,同时运用分子对接方法对目标化合物与3HNR可能的结合模式进行了分析。结果表明:大部分目标化合物对3HNR都有很好的抑制作用（IC503的抑制活性最好,IC50值为0.53 μmol/L。在50 μg/mL下,目标化合物对稻瘟病菌的生长具有不同程度的抑制作用,其中2e、3a和3b的抑制率高于96%;3a和3b的EC50值分别为16.4和11.6 μg/mL。分子对接方法分析结果表明,硝基苯乙烯骨架结构与稻瘟病菌的3HNR活性空腔的氨基酸残基有较好的相互作用,其中化合物3中的溴原子可与3HNR中Tyr223和Tyr178的羟基形成氢键,从而解释了化合物3对3HNR有较好抑制作用的原因。     

Multifunctionalised benzoxazinones in the systems Oryza sativa–Echinochloa crus‐galli and Triticum aestivum–Avena fatua as natural‐product‐based herbicide leads

BACKGROUND: Fifteen novel derivatives of D‐DIBOA, including aromatic ring modifications and the addition of side chains in positions C‐2 and N‐4, had previously been synthesised and their phytotoxicity on standard target species (STS) evaluated. This strategy combined steric, electronic, solubility and lipophilicity requirements to achieve the maximum phytotoxic activity. An evaluation of the bioactivity of these compounds on the systems Oryza sativa–Echinochloa crus‐galli and Triticum aestivum–Avena fatua is reported here. RESULTS: All compounds showed inhibition profiles on the two species Echinochloa crus‐galli (L.) Beauv. and Avena fatua L. The most marked effects were caused by 6F‐4Pr‐D‐DIBOA, 6F‐4Val‐D‐DIBOA, 6Cl‐4Pr‐D‐DIBOA and 6Cl‐4Val‐D‐DIBOA. The IC₅₀ values for the systems Echinochloa crus‐galli–Oryza sativa and Avena fatua–Triticum aestivum for all compounds were compared. The compound that showed the greatest selectivity for the system Echinochloa crus‐galli–Oryza sativa was 8Cl‐4Pr‐D‐DIBOA, which was 15 times more selective than the commercial herbicide propanil (Cotanil‐35). With regard to the system Avena fatua–Triticum aestivum, the compounds that showed the highest selectivities were 8Cl‐4Val‐D‐DIBOA and 6F‐4Pr‐D‐DIBOA. The results obtained for 6F‐4Pr‐D‐DIBOA are of great interest because of the high phytotoxicity to Avena fatua (IC₅₀ = 6 µM , r² = 0.9616). CONCLUSION: The in vitro phytotoxicity profiles and selectivities shown by the compounds described here make them candidates for higher‐level studies. 8Cl‐4Pr‐D‐DIBOA for the system Echinochloa crus‐galli‐Oryza sativa and 6F‐4Pr‐D‐DIBOA for Avena fatua‐Triticum aestivum were the most interesting compounds. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

温度和食物种类对红褐斑腿蝗取食、生长及肠道消化酶活性的影响

在实验室不同温度(10、25、35℃)下,比较茶叶和小麦苗对红褐斑腿蝗Catantops pinguis取食利用能力的影响及其与蝗虫肠道消化酶活性之间的关系。结果表明,温度对蝗虫的日均取食量、相对生长率影响极显著,均表现为35℃>25℃>10℃,对日均绝对增重(干重)的影响趋势与此相同,但各处理温度间差异不显著,对消化酶活性影响显著,总体表现为高温时活性大于低温,但不同的水解酶表现各不相同。食物种类对近似消化力影响不大,但对小麦苗的取食量极显著高于对茶叶的取食量;三个处理温度下日均绝对增重均以小麦苗为食时高于以茶叶为食,但差异不显著,以小麦苗为食时相对生长率极显著高于以茶叶为食,显示食物对相对生长率影响显著;取食小麦苗时肠道消化酶活力极显著高于以茶叶为食,只有类胰凝乳蛋白酶活力差异不显著。     

孜然种子中杀菌活性成分分离及结构鉴定

以小麦白粉病菌Blumer graminis、黄瓜霜霉病菌Pseudoperonispora cubensis、杨树溃疡病菌Dothiorella gregaria、棉花枯萎病菌Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.vasinfectum、白菜黑斑病菌Alternaria oleracea和稻瘟病菌Pyricularia grisea 6种病原菌为指示菌种,对孜然种子中的杀菌活性成分进行了跟踪分离及活性测定。采用柱层析分离技术,从孜然种子乙醇浸膏石油醚萃取液中分离得到两个具有杀菌活性的化合物,其结构经质谱、核磁共振氢谱及碳谱等分析确定其分别为枯茗酸(对异丙基苯甲酸,p-isopropyl benzoic acid)和枯茗醛(对异丙基苯甲醛,p-isopropyl benzaldehyde)。采用菌丝生长速率法测定了两化合物对油菜菌核病菌Sclerotinia sclerotiorum和辣椒疫霉Phytophthora capsici的毒力,其中枯茗醛对两种病原菌的EC50值分别为2.093和 15.40 mg/L,枯茗酸的EC50值分别为7.298和19.66 mg/L。     

Antifeedant and sublethal effects of imidacloprid on Asian citrus psyllid,Diaphorina citri

BACKGROUND: Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, transmits the causal bacteria of the devastating citrus disease huanglongbing (HLB). Because of the variation in spatial and temporal uptake and systemic distribution of imidacloprid applied to citrus trees and its degradation over time in citrus trees, ACP adults and nymphs are exposed to concentrations that may not cause immediate mortality but rather sublethal effects. The objective of this laboratory study was to determine the effects of sublethal concentrations of imidacloprid on ACP life stages. RESULTS: Feeding by ACP adults and nymphs on plants treated daily with a sublethal concentration (0.1 µg mL^?1) of imidacloprid significantly decreased adult longevity (8 days), fecundity (33%) and fertility (6%), as well as nymph survival (12%) and developmental rate compared with untreated controls. The magnitude of these negative effects was directly related to exposure duration and concentration. Furthermore, ACP adults that fed on citrus leaves treated systemically with lethal and sublethal concentrations of imidacloprid excreted significantly less honeydew (7–94%) compared with controls in a concentration‐dependent manner suggesting antifeedant activity of imidacloprid. CONCLUSIONS: Sublethal concentrations of imidacloprid negatively affect development, reproduction, survival and longevity of ACP, which likely contributes to population reductions over time. Also, reduced feeding by ACP adults on plants treated with sublethal concentrations of imidacloprid may potentially decrease the capacity of ACP to successfully acquire and transmit the HLB causal pathogen. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

甲胺磷对褐飞虱酯酶时序变化的影响

褐飞虱经甲胺磷处理后 ,酯酶活性首先表现为受到抑制 ,然后上升 ,到达最大值后再下降并停留在一个相对对照较高的水平。在 1次处理的基础上 ,第 3天和第 7天再次处理 ,酯酶的变化进程与 1次处理相同 ,但最后的停留水平均高于 1次处理 ,分别为 1次处理的 1.35倍和 1.63倍左右。敏感性测定同样表明再次处理可以导致敏感性进一步下降 ,第 3天和第 7天再次处理 ,敏感性分别比 1次处理下降了0.35 1、0.696倍。     

敌死虫对不同发育阶段烟粉虱的生物活性测定

敌死虫对烟粉虱成虫具有较强的驱避作用 ,99.1%敌死虫200、100、50倍液药后 2h～120h对黄瓜上烟粉虱的驱避率均在90%以上 ,50倍液处理药后3d的驱避率为98%～100%。药剂处理的非洲菊上烟粉虱成虫产卵量显著低于对照。敌死虫对烟粉虱卵具有一定活性 ,致死中量为10468.6mg/kg ;对若虫活性较高 ,对1、2、3龄若虫的致死中量分别为165.81、199.46、232.38mg/kg ,稀释倍数分别为5976、4968、4264倍。