Ribosomal DNA Sequence Comparisons of Colletotrichum Graminicola from Turfgrasses and other Hosts

The 5.8S ribosomal gene and the flanking internal transcribed spacers (ITS) 1 and 2 from Colletotrichum graminicola isolates causing anthracnose disease of Agrostis palustris and Poa species were sequenced. Although bootstrap support was not high, two major groups were observed with both UPGMA and parsimony algorithms, one containing isolates from A. palustris and another with isolates from Poa spp. The ITS sequences were also compared with those of isolates of C. graminicola and C. sublineolum from Sorghum spp., Zea mays and Rottboellia cochinchinesis as well as other Colletotrichum species. Except for one isolate from P. annua in Texas, the ITS1 and ITS2 sequences of turfgrass isolates always grouped separately from C. graminicola or C. sublineolum from non-turfgrass hosts with high bootstrap support. ITS sequences of the turfgrass isolates were more similar to those of other species of Colletotrichum, such as C. coccodes and C. dematium, than they were to C. graminicola isolates from other hosts. Turfgrass isolates have ITS sequences which are not identical to those of isolates from Zea mays and Sorghum species demonstrating diversity among fungi conventionally classified as C. graminicola.     

Effect of ammonium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate on anthracnose of papaya

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is the causal organism of anthracnose inCarica papaya L. (papaya, papaw). The effect of ammonium carbonate (3%) or sodium bicarbonate (2%) in aqueous solution or when incorporated into a wax formulation on anthracnose severity in inoculated or naturally infected fruits was examined. Both salts had significant effects, but that of ammonium carbonate was greater than that of sodium bicarbonate in controlling anthracnose. Ammonium carbonate (3%) incorporated into the wax formulation effectively reduced anthracnose incidence by 70% in naturally infected papaya and extended the storage life by maintaining the firmness, color and overall quality of the fruit in low temperature storage (13.5°C) and 95% r.h. for 21 days followed by 2 days under marketing conditions. The mode of action of ammonium carbonate on the control of anthroacnose appears to bevia complete inhibition of radial mycelial growth and conidia germination. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Aug. 14, 2002.     

Resistance in water yam (Dioscorea alata) cultivars in the French West Indies to anthracnose disease based on tissue culture-derived whole-plant assay

Reactions of 60 water yam ( Dioscorea alata ) cultivars to three isolates of the yam anthracnose fungal pathogen ( Colletotrichum gloeosporioides ) were evaluated using tissue culture-derived whole-plant assay. Three disease parameters: single score on a scale of 0–6 at the seventh day after inoculation (SD7); area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC); and disease progress rate ( R _d) were compared, and cultivars were classified into disease-response groups using a rank-sum method based on AUDPC scores for the two most virulent isolates. A wide range of variation in resistance of the D. alata cultivars, and significant effects of pathogen isolate and isolate–cultivar interactions, were observed for all disease parameters. The three disease parameters were positively correlated; however, four cultivars showed great dispersions from the regression lines for comparisons of SD7 with the multiple assessments based AUDPC and R _d. The 60 cultivars were separated into resistant ( n  = 12), moderately resistant ( n  = 19), moderately susceptible ( n  = 18) and susceptible ( n  = 11) groups. The potential of the tissue culture-derived whole-plant assay to resistance breeding programmes and further understanding of the yam anthracnose pathosystem is discussed.     

西藏八角莲炭疽病病原鉴定及室内药剂筛选

从西藏大学农牧学院药材基地的西藏八角莲叶片病斑上分离到1种炭疽病菌,根据病害症状特点、病原菌形态特征、培养性状和致病性测定等进行鉴定,结果表明:西藏八角莲炭疽病的病原菌为半知菌亚门,腔孢纲,黑盘孢目,刺盘孢属(Colletotrichum sp.)。药剂筛选试验结果表明,对菌丝生长和孢子萌发均有强烈抑制作用的药剂有80%福.福锌可湿性粉剂、58%甲霜灵可湿性粉剂、50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂、72%霜脲.锰锌可湿性粉剂,稀释倍数在2000倍时,对菌丝和孢子的抑制率均达90%以上。     

Localized hemibiotrophy in Colletotrichum: cytological and molecular taxonomic similarities among C. destructivum, C. linicola and C. truncatum

The infection process of hemibiotrophic isolates of Colletotrichum linicola (from flax, Linum usitatissimum ) and C . truncatum (from broad bean, Vicia faba and lentil, Lens culinaris ) was studied by light microscopy. Host surfaces were penetrated directly leading to a symptomless, biotrophic phase characterized by the elaboration of large multilobed, multiseptate, vesicular primary hyphae that were restricted to the initially infected epidermal cells. Biotrophy lasted for the first 48 h of the host-pathogen interaction and was rapidly succeeded by a necrotrophic phase during which narrow, secondary hyphae invaded the surrounding leaf tissues and water-soaked spreading lesions with sporulating, monosetate acervuli were produced on infected host surfaces. Molecular taxonomic analysis of the nucleotide sequences of the amplified D2 and ITS-2 regions of rDNA revealed very close similarities (97–99%) between these isolates and those of C . destructivum obtained from cowpea ( Vigna unguiculata ) and lucerne ( Medicago sativa ), and also of C . truncatum obtained from pea ( Pisum sativum ). This association was consistent with results from a comparative assessment of some in-planta and in-vitro morphological and growth characteristics of these hemibiotrophic fungi. It was concluded that localized hemibiotrophy is an infection strategy utilized predominantly by a closely-related group of pathogens comprising C . destructivum , C . linicola and C. truncatum , and the formation of multilobed primary hyphae restricted to the first penetrated cell might therefore be a key taxonomic character which correlates consistently with ITS sequence data.     

几种杀菌剂对南方红豆杉炭疽病的田间药效测定

在田间药效测定中,喷雾和注干两种施药方法相比,喷雾防治的效果明显好于注干的防治效果。喷雾试验中,防治效果最好的是甲基托布津,平均防治效果达到78.79%,最差的是退菌特,平均防治效果为57.20%;在注干防治试验中,防治效果最好的依然为甲基托布津,为62.50%,其次为炭克、多菌灵,最差的为退菌特,为46.57%。     

油茶炭疽病的化学防治研究

本研究使用14种杀菌剂对油茶炭疽病进行了室内和田间的防治试验。结果表明，扑菌清、叶斑净和宝宁的效果较好，同时对杀菌剂在田间的施用方法也提出了建议。     

三华李重要病害虫防治技术

近年来随着广东省三华李（Prunus sp.）种植面积不断增加,三华李果园病虫害的危害上升趋势,对三华李水果的质量和产量影响较大。文章主要介绍了近年来三华李果园危害较为严重的几种病虫害的发生、危害情况以及主要防治技术。     

产挥发性物质芽胞杆菌对枇杷炭疽病菌的抑制作用及其鉴定

采用二分隔特殊平板研究芽胞杆菌挥发性物质对枇杷炭疽病菌Colletotrichum acutatum的抑制作用。研究结果表明,筛选得到的8株芽胞杆菌菌株中,抑菌效果最好的菌株为FJA T-4748,抑菌率达90.06％;其次为FJAT-10011,抑菌率达54.99％。经16S rDNA序列鉴定结合菌落形态观察,确认这8株芽胞杆菌分别为解木糖赖氨酸芽胞杆菌 Lysinibacillus xylanilyticus、波茨坦短芽胞杆菌 Brevibacillus borstelensis、短短芽胞杆菌Brevibacillus brevis、土壤短芽胞杆菌 Brevibacillus agri、阿氏芽胞杆菌 Bacillus aryabhattai、美丽短芽胞杆菌Brevibacillus formosus及简单芽胞杆菌Bacillus simplex。本研究筛选的产挥发性物质芽胞杆菌菌株可为枇杷采后炭疽病的生物防治提供菌株参考。     

A Major Gene for Resistance to Anthracnose Leaf Blight in Maize

The inheritance of the reaction of maize (Zea mays L.) to anthracnose leaf blight caused by Colletotrichum graminicola was studied in eight generations derived from a cross between a hypersensitively resistant inbred. LB–58, and a susceptible inbred, A632. The generations consisted of the two parents, F₁, F₂ backcrosses and the backcrosses-selfed, Chisquare analysis of the data for individual locations as well as across locations indicated that resistance at both the seedling and mature plant stages of development is conditioned by a single dominant gene, designated CgL. A study of the reactions of LB-58 in several hybrid combinations indicated that resistance was expressed in ail cast-s even though the expression of CgL gene was modified somewhat in different hybrid combinations.