Effect of tebuthiuron on soil N mineralization and nitrification

Abstract

Herbicides have potential for economical and efficient site preparation following timber harvest. The effects of tebuthiu‐ron, one of the herbicides approved for this use, on soil nitrogen (N) mineralization and nitrification were determined in laboratory incubations. Tebuthiuron was added at rates from 0 to 1000 μg g^‐1 to three soils. There was no effect of tebuthiuron additions of less than 1 μg g^‐1 on soil N mineralization and nitrification. Tebuthiuron reduced nitrification in all soils at 1000 μg g^‐1 and in two of the soils at 100 μg g^‐1 . All soils had increased net mineralization with tebuthiuron added at 100 and 1000 μg g^‐1. The addition of 50 μg NH⁺ ₄‐N and 1000 μg tebuthiuron g^‐1 resulted in increased net mineralization in the three soils. Nitrification was affected differently in each of the three soils by the addition of both NH⁺ ₄‐N and tebuthiuron. The added NH⁺ ₄‐N either removed the inhibition of nitrification by the herbicide or had no effect on the inhibition in two of the soils. In the third soil, nitrification was reduced by the addition of NH⁺ ₄‐N.

The presence of NO^‐ ₃‐N in these acid soils and the effects of added NH⁺ ₄‐N on NO^‐ ₃‐N production suggest that heterotrophic nitrification occurs in at least two of the soils. The findings of this study indicate that any effects of tebuthiuron on N mineralization and nitrification at the currently recommended application rates are likely to be transient and localized.     

保护剂减轻氯嘧磺隆对玉米残留药害的作用机理

采用沙培方法,利用生理生化试验及半定量PCR方法,研究了保护剂HN对玉米ALS、GSTs活性及GSTs的mRNA表达量的影响。结果表明,保护剂对6个玉米品种的ALS、GSTs均具有诱导作用,但对不同品种的诱导增加百分率却不同。对氯嘧磺隆敏感的玉米东甜3号的GSTs诱导增加百分率达到59.18,对其ALS的诱导倍数为叶部1.29倍,根部2.30倍;对氯嘧磺隆耐性较高的玉米屯玉88GSTs诱导增加百分率为19.26,其ALS的诱导倍数为叶部1.07倍,根部2.07倍。氯嘧磺隆和保护剂均可以诱导玉米GSTsmRNA的相对表达量的增加,保护剂的诱导作用更强。     

有机物料对白土土壤胡敏酸结构特征的影响

【目的】研究有机物料施入对白土土壤的腐殖质含量组成和胡敏酸(HA)结构特征的影响,为明确不同腐殖质组分对土壤肥力的影响提供理论依据。【方法】供试土壤为江苏省溧阳市南渡镇"白土改良大田示范试验核心区"的南方中低产水稻土(白土)。试验设秸秆还田(ST)、施有机肥(OM)和对照(CK,不施有机物)3个处理,培肥3年。同时采集试验田周围相邻的江苏省耕地质量监测点(2007~2013年)的每年施化肥(LAF)和长期不施肥(NF)的两种处理土壤进行比对研究。分别测定土壤的基本理化性质及其腐殖质含量的组成,并提取土壤胡敏酸(HA)固体样品利用红外光谱和元素分析来进行结构表征。【结果】秸秆还田和施有机肥处理的有机碳、全氮含量明显高于对照;与对照相比,施有机物料土壤HA的E4/E6比值增加,且秸秆还田施有机肥对照。红外光谱显示,试验区域和耕地监测点的不同处理土壤HA均在1650 cm-1处(酰胺I带)和1550 cm-1处(1500~1580 cm-1酰胺II带伸缩振动)有特征吸收。施有机肥和秸秆还田处理土壤HA的2920/1720、2920/1650比值显著大于对照。在元素组成上,OM、ST处理的土壤腐殖质(HA)中C、H、N的含量比均高于CK,相对长期施化肥(LAF)和不施肥(NF)的土壤有明显提高,而氧元素的含量呈降低的趋势;OM和ST处理土壤HA的[H]/[C]和[O]/[C]原子数比均低于CK;与LAF和NF处理相比,试验区域各处理土壤腐殖质的[H]/[C]和[O]/[C]原子数比均有明显降低。【结论】有机物料施入土壤后可增加土壤有机碳含量,改善土壤理化性质,提高作物产量和品质,且施入土壤的有机物料可转化为新的腐殖质,降低土壤的腐殖化程度。土壤腐殖质(HA)的红外光谱分析说明,白土土壤HA具有明显的酰胺类化合物特征。有机物料施入后使得土壤脂族性增强,羧基量减少,芳香度降低;秸秆还田和施有机肥处理与对照相比,土壤HA的[H]/[C]和[O]/[C]比均有下降的趋势,且HA的氮素含量明显增加,这显示有机物料施入后白土土壤腐殖质发生"脱水"过程,同时也反映了白土土壤腐殖质形成的特征。     

采用Biolog, DGGE 和PLFA三种方法研究利用方式对土壤微生物群落结构的影响

Biolog, 16S rRNA gene denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE）, and phospholipid fatty acid （PLFA） analyses were used to assess soil microbial community characteristics in a chronosequence of tea garden systems （8-, 50-, and 90- year-old tea gardens）, an adjacent wasteland, and a 90-year-old forest. Biolog analysis showed that the average well color development （AWCD） of all carbon sources and the functional diversity based on the Shannon index decreased （P 〈 0.05） in the following order： wasteland 〉 forest 〉 tea garden. For the DCCE analysis, the genetic diversity based on the Shannon index was significantly lower in the tea garden soils than in the wasteland. However, compared to the 90-year-old forest, the tea garden soils showed significantly higher genetic diversity. PLFA analysis showed that the ratio of Gram positive bacteria to Cram negative bacteria was significantly higher in the tea garden soils than in the wasteland, and the highest value was found in the 90-year-old forest. Both the fungal PLFA and the ratio of fungi to bacteria were significantly higher in the three tea garden soils than in the wasteland and forest, indicating that fungal PLFA was significantly affected by land-use change. Based on cluster analysis of the soil microbial community structure, all three analytical methods showed that land-use change had a greater effect on soil microbial community structure than tea garden age.     

ALA提高丙酯草醚胁迫下油菜幼苗耐性研究

对油菜幼苗叶面喷施不同浓度的丙酯草醚(ZJ0273)和5-氨基乙酰丙酸(ALA),研究了ALA与丙酯草醚协同处理对苗期的油菜是否安全。结果表明,丙酯草醚随浓度从100~1000mg/L变化,逐渐抑制油菜幼苗生长,鲜重减少,净光合速率和叶绿素含量降低;过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性下降,丙二醛(MDA)积累提高。而10~100mg/L的ALA则促进油菜幼苗生长,增加植株的鲜重、净光合速率并提高了叶绿素含量,POD、SOD和APX酶活性均比对照显著提高,MDA积累减少;500mg/L的ALA效果相反,表现为抑制作物生长。100mg/L ALA和不同浓度的丙酯草醚协同处理,油菜幼苗均比对照生长的更好,鲜重增加,净光合速率提高,抗氧化酶活性增加,MDA积累减少。因此,ALA可以提高油菜幼苗在除草剂丙酯草醚胁迫下的耐性。     

几种除草剂对小麦籽粒产量及生理特性的影响

为评价除草剂的负效应,研究了大田条件下苯磺隆、使它隆、异丙隆、骠马和绿麦隆5种除草剂春季施用对强筋小麦烟农19和弱筋小麦扬麦13的籽粒产量及相关生理特性的影响。结果表明,5种除草剂处理后对小麦株高均有一定的抑制作用,表现为高剂量抑制作用强,低剂量抑制作用较弱,其中抑制作用最强的为异丙隆2倍量处理,其抑制率达对照的9.6...     

同位素示踪法在磺酰脲类除草剂残留分析中的应用

除草剂的同位素残留分析技术日益受到人们的重视,并取得了长足的发展。本文综述了利用同位素示踪技术对4种磺酰脲类除草剂的残留分析进展。     

Mineralization of hydroxylated isoproturon metabolites produced by fungi

When exposed to the herbicide isoproturon, some soil fungi in pure culture metabolize the substance to hydroxylated metabolites. Hydroxylated metabolites of isoproturon have also been detected in soil studies. In an agricultural soil not previously exposed to isoproturon we found that the hydroxylated isoproturon metabolite N-(4-(2-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)phenyl)-N′,N′-dimethylurea mineralized faster than both isoproturon and its N-demethylated metabolite N-(4-isopropylphenyl)-N′-methylurea (MDIPU), thus indicating that mineralization of isoproturon is stimulated by fungal hydroxylation in this soil. In soils previously treated with isoproturon, in contrast, isoproturon and both its hydroxylated and demethylated metabolites mineralized at almost the same rate with up to 52% of the ¹⁴C-ring-carbon being degraded to ¹⁴CO₂ within 63 days. Thus hydroxylated metabolites of isoproturon do not seem to be more persistent than isoproturon, and hence may degrade before they can leach from topsoil and contaminate the aquatic environment. While an isoproturon-mineralizing bacterium Sphingomonas sp. SRS2 and a MDIPU-mineralizing mixed bacterial culture were able to deplete the medium of hydroxylated metabolites, little or no mineralization took place. This indicates that other bacteria must be present in the soil that are able to benefit from isoproturon being made available to mineralization by fungal hydroxylation.     

转基因水稻中CP4-EPSPS蛋白质的检测及其表达特征研究

为了建立转基因水稻中CP4-EPSPS蛋白质的免疫学检测方法,并了解其在水稻生长过程中的表达特征,本研究在大肠杆菌中表达了CP4-EPSPS蛋白质,纯化后以其为免疫原免疫小鼠,经筛选获得了可识别CP4-EPSPS的单克隆抗体。建立了用免疫印记技术检测转基因水稻中CP4-EPSPS蛋白质的方法,该方法可以从单粒稻米的0.63%材料中检测到CP4-EPSPS信号。对水稻不同发育时期代表性组织的检测结果表明,CP4-EPSPS蛋白质呈组成型表达,在花药、穗轴、颖壳及不同时期的叶片中的表达量较高,但在分蘖期基部茎节、叶鞘及成熟期种子胚中的表达量稍低。本研究建立的免疫学方法在转基因水稻检测中具有潜在的应用价值。     

Environmental persistence of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-<Emphasis Type="Italic">p</Emphasis>-dioxin in soil around hardstand 7 at eglin air force base,Florida

Background and Goal  A number of global events have generated intense scientific scrutiny and public concern of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (dioxin). DIoxins have been associated with a range of adverse health effects. 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is recognized as among the most dangerous of the dioxin compounds, and was a contaminant found In one of the herbicides used for vegetation control during the Vietnam conflict: Agent Orange. As a result of purging spray systems and leaking drums of Agent Orange concentrate, TCDD contamination occurred in the soils surrounding Hardstand 7 at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida. This research uses a multimedia model to estimate the TCDD concentrations in surface soil around Hardstand 7 for a 70-year time Interval beginning with observed surface soil concentrations 1984. Methods  Hardstand 7 is a nearly 40-m circular concrete and asphalt aircraft parking area. The hardstand was used as a staging area for spraying equipment used to disseminate herbicide In a test area called C-52A within EAFB. Concentrated herbicide was also stored in 208-L barrels for use with the equipment, and later, for disposal. In 1984, a field investigation characterized the extent of TCDD contamination in surface soils around Hardstand 7 using a radial sampling protocol. The 1984 observed concentrations and locations was used in a multimedia model, CalTOX, as an initial source term concentrations and locations to estimate expected concentrations during the subsequent 70-years. Results  The results indicate that more than 94% of the TCDD observed in surface soils 1984 will remain after a 70-year period. Access restrictions and remediation activities at the site eliminate bar verification of the CalTOX estimates. Conclusions. TCDD is highly persistent in the soil medium and natural attenuation may not produce a significant decrease In soil concentrations. Recommendation  Active remediation actions may be required to prevent exposure to TCDD contamination surface soils. Verifying CalTOX concentration estimates an Important step that should be performed, however, the, model provides an easy to use tool to estimate TCDD surface soil contamination at herbicide storage or dispersion staging sites.