动物饲用益生菌LPF-2对大肠杆菌抑制作用的培养条件优化

[研究目的]对畜禽大肠杆菌具有抑制作用的动物饲用益生菌短短芽孢杆菌LPF-2的培养条件进行优化.[方法]以抑菌圈为指标,从时间、温度、摇床转速和培养基pH值研究短短芽孢杆菌LPF-2的最适培养条件,以获得短短芽孢杆菌LPF-2最佳的抑菌效果.[结果]短短芽孢杆菌LPF-2培养24～84h的抑菌圈为10.00～13.00 mm,在24～39℃下培养的抑菌圈为9.00～14.00 mm,转速在90～210 r/min下培养的抑菌圈为13.75～15.00 mm,pH 6.0～8.0下培养的抑菌圈为10.50～14.50 mm.[结论]动物益生菌短短芽孢杆菌LPF-2的最适培养条件为培养基pH 7.5、培养温度30℃、培养时间48 h,摇床转速在90～210 r/min范围内均可.     

烟草抑芽剂抑芽效果的比较研究

[目的]为进一步提高烤烟的产质量奠定良好的基础.[方法]以烟草CB-1品种为供试材料,以联农（x）等11种化学抑芽剂为供试药剂,通过田间试验对比了不同抑芽剂的抑芽率、抑芽效果及药害程度.[结果]芽封（25％氟节胺可分散油悬浮剂）的综合抑芽效果最好,食盐的抑芽综合效果最差.不同抑芽剂都未造成各试验小区的药害.抑芽敏（氟节胺）、除芽通（33％二甲戊灵乳油）、芽畏（仲丁灵37.3％乳油）、盾牌烟舒（仲灵＆#183;异噁松）、菜草通（33％二甲戊灵）等的抑芽综合效果均较好,抑芽率均高于83％,抑芽效果均高于89％.[结论]该研究可为筛选安全、高效、低成本的烟草抑芽剂提供试验依据.     

柚皮粗提物对松梢螟幼虫生物活性影响研究

通过测定柚皮粗提物对松梢螟幼虫的拒食活性、生长发育影响和毒杀活性,研究其对松梢螟幼虫的室内毒力作用.结果显示:100 mg/mL的柚皮粗提物生物毒性最强,处理24、48 h后的松梢螟幼虫的拒食率分别达到了99.28％ 、94.23％,拒食中浓度AFC50分别为7.61、9.28 mg/mL;对松梢螟四龄幼虫的生长抑制率在处理后24、48、96 h分别为96.32％ 、95.44％和93.19％,LC50分别为9.56、13.52、8.38 mg/mL;三龄幼虫、五龄幼虫的校正死亡率分别为90.00％和80.00％,与对照药剂噻虫啉的效果处于同一显著水平.柚皮粗提物对三龄幼虫毒杀作用效果优于五龄幼虫,LD50分别为18.46、25.99 mg/mL.说明柚皮粗提物对松梢螟幼虫生物活性有一定影响.     

5种酚酸类物质对小麦幼苗的化感作用研究

为了研究5种酚酸类物质对小麦幼苗生长和生理指标的影响,测定了不同质量浓度的阿魏酸、对香豆酸、丁香酸、对羟基苯甲酸、香草酸5种酚酸类物质处理后小麦幼苗的苗高、根长、CAT活性、POD活性等形态、生理指标,为小麦与药用植物轮作的合理性提供依据。结果表明,小麦幼苗的可溶性糖含量均有所升高,50.00 mg/L对香豆酸和0.01、0.10、1.00 mg/L对羟基苯甲酸处理组分别比空白对照高18.79%、42.60%、42.69%、26.57%,均达显著水平;阿魏酸、对香豆酸和香草酸降低了小麦幼苗的苗高和主根长,对羟基苯甲酸增加了幼苗的主根长,但均不显著;对香豆酸处理组幼苗的可溶性蛋白含量、CAT活性、POD活性以及SOD活性均有所降低,而丁香酸处理组幼苗的可溶性蛋白含量、CAT活性、POD活性均有所升高,0.01、0.10、10.00、100.00 mg/L丁香酸处理组幼苗的可溶性蛋白含量分别比对照(蒸馏水)显著增加9.63%、11.22%、11.50%、8.13%。香草酸处理组幼苗的可溶性蛋白含量、CAT活性、SOD活性也有所增加。从研究结果可以看出,阿魏酸、对香豆酸对小麦幼苗有一定的化感抑制作用,丁香酸、对羟基苯甲酸和香草酸有一定的促进作用,但它们的化感指数均不大。     

入侵植物银花苋对3种蔬菜种子萌发的化感效应

为了解外来入侵植物银花苋(Gomphrena celosioides)的潜在生态危害,采用不同器官作供体对3种作物种子萌发和幼苗生长进行化感效应测试。结果表明:总体上,花、叶水提液低浓度处理对萝卜(Raphanus sativus)、芥菜(Brassica juncea)和菜心(B.parachinensis)种子的萌发率和根长生长有抑制作用,且随着浓度提高抑制程度加大,部分达极显著水平。低浓度的花、叶水提液对作物茎(芽)长生长有一定促进作用,但随着浓度提高促进作用降低,高浓度处理则出现显著抑制。比较综合效应指数,叶水提液比花水提液的化感作用强;叶水提液对3种作物的化感作用表现为芥菜>萝卜>菜心,而花水提液则为萝卜>芥菜>菜心。因此,作为外来入侵植物,银花苋因具较强的化感效应,需加强防治。     

氟磺胺草醚的生物测定方法研究

试验利用对氟磺胺草醚敏感的玉米、向日葵、高粱为指示作物,利用土培法研究了不同条件下,氟磺胺草醚不同浓度对作物的抑制作用,并建立了氟磺胺草醚玉米生物测定方法——玉米株高法.试验结果表明,最佳生物测定条件为在27℃条件下,培养120 h.研究结果对土壤中氟磺胺草醚的快速测定和轮作换茬具有重要意义.     

高羊茅腐解物的自毒作用初探

为探明高羊茅草坪逐年退化现象是否与化感作用有关，在室内用生物测定方法测定了高羊茅腐解物对高羊茅自身的化感作用，并探讨了相关的作用机制。结果表明，高羊茅腐解液能抑制高羊茅种子的萌发和幼苗生长，且腐解液质量浓度越大，抑制作用越明显。在腐解液质量浓度为0.06 g/mL时，其对高羊茅种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数、根长、苗高、单株鲜质量的抑制率分别达58.64%、81.68%、73.34%、81.63%、37.86%、41.13%、30.43%。随着高羊茅腐解液质量浓度的增加，其幼苗SOD活性先升后降；POD活性与空白对照差异不显著；CAT活性先升后降，在高质量浓度时，与空白对照的差异达到显著水平；膜脂过氧化产物MDA含量持续升高；可溶性蛋白含量下降。可见，高羊茅残体腐解是其草坪逐年退化的原因之一。     

Nitrous oxide fluxes and denitrification sensitivity to temperature in Irish pasture soils

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from grazed pastures constitute approximately 28% of total global anthropogenic N₂O emissions. The aims of this study were to investigate the effect of inorganic N fertilizer application on fluxes of N₂O, quantify the emission factors (EFs) for a sandy loam soil which is typical of large areas in Ireland and to investigate denitrification sensitivity to temperature. Nitrous oxide flux measurements from a cut and grazed pasture field for 1 year and denitrification laboratory incubation were carried out. The soil pH was 7.3 and had a mean organic C and N content at 0–20 cm of 44.1 and 4.4 g/kg dry weight, respectively. The highest observed peaks of N₂O fluxes of 67 and 38.7 g N₂O‐N per hectare per day were associated with times of application of inorganic N fertilizer. Annual fluxes of N₂O from control and fertilized treatments were 1 and 2.4 kg N₂O‐N per hectare, respectively. Approximately 63% of the annual flux was associated with N fertilizer application. Multiple regression analysis revealed that soil nitrate and the interaction between soil nitrate and soil water content were the main factors controlling N₂O flux from the soil. The derived EF of 0.83% was approximately 66% of the IPCC default EF value of 1.25% as used by the Irish EPA to estimate greenhouse gases (GHGs) in Ireland. The IPCC‐revised EF value is 0.9%. A highly significant exponential regression (r² = 0.98) was found between denitrification and incubation temperature. The calculated Q₁₀ ranged from 4.4 to 6.2 for a temperature range of 10–25 °C and the activation energy was 47 kJ/mol. Our results show that denitrification is very sensitive to increasing temperature, suggesting that future global warming could lead to a significant increase in soil denitrification and consequently N₂O fluxes from soils.     

“芪蓝饮”及不同提取成分对NDV在鸡胚成纤维细胞中增殖的影响

为评价新兽药"芪蓝饮"及其不同提取成分的体外抗病毒活性,本试验通过细胞病变抑制法和MTT比色法检测了各提取成分对新城疫病毒(NDV)感染鸡胚成纤维细胞(CEF)过程的影响。结果显示,在3种加药方式中"芪蓝饮"原药(QLY)直接杀灭NDV的作用最强,其抑制率最高为128.85%;原药总多糖(TPS)干扰NDV的增殖作用最强,其抑制率最高为130.23%;原药总萜类(TT)直接杀灭NDV的作用最强,其抑制率最高为146.15%;板蓝根总生物碱(RIA)及其水溶性部位(RIAw)和酸性部位(RIAa)对抗NDV的方式是多环节的。综上所述,"芪蓝饮"及其提取成分表现出较强的干扰NDV增殖和直接杀灭NDV的作用,而阻断作用稍弱。     

Inhibitory and promotive allelopathy in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Studies on allelopathic rice, which inhibits the germination and development of weeds such as barnyardgrass ( Echinochloa spp.) and ducksalad [ Heteranthera limosa (Sw.) Wild.], have been strongly conducted in the USA, the Philippines, Japan, Korea, and other countries since the 1980s. Weed-suppressing rice plants can compete with weeds for light and mineral nutrients by their rapid and thick growth characteristics, and probably also by their allelopathic effects. It was suggested that allelopathic properties were inherited from parents. Different screening methods for finding allelopathic rice simply and rapidly have been proposed. In contrast, stimulative allelopathy in rice, which promotes germination of the dormant and dormancy-awakened seeds of Monochoria vaginalis (Burm. f.) Kunth var. vaginalis , has been investigated by the authors since the 1990s. Rice seeds promoted the germination in the dark and in light under submerged conditions. Our experiments suggested that rice seeds, hulls, plants and straw contain stimulative substance(s) that promote seed germination of M. vaginalis .