硝化抑制剂对枸杞园土壤的作用效果研究

通过室内恒温培养试验,筛选出效果最佳的硝化抑制剂剂型及剂量并应用于枸杞园土壤,研究其对枸杞产量及品质的影响。室内恒温培养试验供试硝化抑制剂为2-氯-6-三氯甲基吡啶(Nitrapyrin)、双氰胺(DCD)和3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐(DMPP),共设17个处理：未添加硝化抑制剂(CK),添加Nitrapyrin(纯氮量的0.1%、0.2%、0.3%、0.4%、0.5%、0.6%),添加DMPP(纯氮量的0.5%、1.0%、1.5%和2.0%),添加DCD(纯氮量的1.0%、2.0%、3.0%、3.5%、4.0%和5.0%)。结果表明：在砂土的培养中,三者硝化抑制效果表现为DMPP≥Nitrapyrin＞DCD;DMPP和Nitrapyrin的硝化抑制率分别为71.90%~75.17%和4.83%~77.28%。但由于DMPP的价格(240~360元·kg^-1)及用量均高于Nitrapyrin(155元·kg^-1),故选择纯氮量0.5%的Nitrapyrin应用于大田试验。田间试验设置4个处理：农民习惯施肥为SF100,SFN100、SFN80及SFN60处理是在SF100处理基础上分别减少0%、40%、60%的枸杞专用肥同时添加纯氮量为0.5%浓度的Nitrapyrin。结果表明：田间试验中施用Nitrapyrin处理的产量较SF100处理分别提高了6.67%,5.80%及3.52%,同时与SF100处理相比,SFN100处理的多糖及蛋白质含量分别提高了16.22%及8.67%。综合经济效益及生态效益,浓度为纯氮量0.5%的Nitrapyrin为最佳处理。在大田试验中施用Nitrapyrin同时减少枸杞专用肥的用量,枸杞产量及效益均有所提高,且蛋白质及多糖含量有显著增加。因此,可初步认为硝化抑制剂的施用对枸杞的种植有“减肥增效”的作用。     

High-throughput screening reveals small molecule modulators inhibitory to Acidovorax citrulli

Acidovorax citrulli is a seed-transmitted gram-negative bacterium that can cause substantial economic yield loss in watermelon and melon production worldwide. Four small-molecule libraries containing 4,952 compounds were selected for high-throughput screening against A. citrulli wild-type strain Xu3-14 by evaluation of growth inhibition. One hundred and twenty-seven molecules (2.5% hit rate) were identified as bactericidal or bacteriostatic against A. citrulli at 100 μM. Secondary screens indicated that 27 candidate compounds were more effective against A. citrulli Group II strains than Group I strains (classified using repetitive element PCR). Several compounds were inhibitory to other pathogenic bacteria, including Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis and Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, but did not affect the growth of plant beneficial bacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis. More than half of the compounds did not inhibit germination of Arabidopsis or watermelon seeds. The effect of small molecules on A. citrulli seed-to-seedling transmission was evaluated by applying each compound to inoculated watermelon seeds and assessing seedling infection. Nine compounds were chosen for further investigation based on their reduction of percentage seedling infection and compiling scores on their specificity, sensitivity, and phytotoxicity obtained in the secondary screens. The five best compounds were selected (thiamphenicol, nadifloxacin, pipemidic acid, ciclopirox, and zinc pyrithione) for greenhouse tests and were found to effectively reduce the seed-to-seedling transmission of A. citrulli in both artificially and naturally infested seeds. These top five compounds provide a basis for future development of an A. citrulli-specific bactericide.     

探究姜和大蒜粗提取液对甘蓝枯萎病菌的抑制作用

研究旨在了解不同浓度姜和大蒜粗提取液对甘蓝枯萎病菌的抑制效果及对菌丝形态结构的影响,以此初步获得最适合的抑制病原菌的植物粗提取液浓度。以姜和大蒜粗提取液为供试材料,测定不同浓度2种粗提取液对甘蓝枯萎病菌尖孢镰刀菌的生长情况、孢子浓度、孢子萌发率及菌丝结构的影响。结果表明,2种粗提取液均能抑制并降低尖孢镰刀菌的生长速率、孢子浓度和孢子萌发率,且大蒜粗提取液比姜粗提取液抑制效果更显著,在低浓度下对菌丝形态结构的影响也比姜粗提取液明显,大蒜粗提取液在各浓度下与对照相比均达极显著差异,且大蒜浓度为0.4 g/mL时对尖孢镰刀菌孢子萌发率抑制达100%。该试验证实大蒜对甘蓝枯萎病菌有极显著抑制作用,为使用间种或轮作大蒜进行田间防治甘蓝枯萎病菌提供了参考。     

氟节胺抑制枇杷嫁接成苗砧木萌蘖相关机理初探

为寻找更长效、无害的化学控蘖剂以减轻田间管理劳动强度,以枇杷(Eriobotrya japonica)嫁接成苗为材料,喷施有效成分浓度为0.050%,0.071%和0.125%的氟节胺,于不同时期取样观察控蘖效果,并尝试探究相关机理。结果表明,氟节胺减少了叶片单位面积光能的吸收量、抑制了光化学转换,但叶片的热耗散量并无明显变化。进一步测定植株氧化还原状态发现,氟节胺能够快速促进细胞内超氧阴离子(O₂^.-)积累并延缓或抑制H₂O₂的转化,从而诱发氧化胁迫。由此可见,氟节胺可能通过抑制叶片光化学转换和热耗散来破坏新生萌蘖的光合性能,进而抑制其萌发生长,而成熟叶片则通过提升自身抗氧化系统活性耐受氟节胺造成的轻度胁迫。在本试验中,各浓度的氟节胺对控制砧木萌蘖有不同程度的效果,其中浓度为0.125%的氟节胺控蘖效果相对最佳,且基本不会对砧木和嫁接成苗造成持续伤害,其作为化学控蘖剂有一定的应用潜力。     

太子参须提取物对鸭流感病毒体外试验初探

为尝试性探究太子参须提取物对鸭H9N2亚型流感病毒体外生长的抑制作用,本文基于TCID50试验检测鸭H9N2亚型流感病毒体外感染不同处理组的MDCK细胞.结果 表明,太子参须提取物高低剂量组(75％、25％)和黄芪多糖阳性对照组均对鸭H9N2亚型流感病毒体外生长产生抑制,且太子参须提取物高剂量组(75％)的抑制作用最优...     

Characterization of an Insoluble and Soluble Form of Melanin Produced by Streptomyces cavourensis SV 21, a Sea Cucumber Associated Bacterium

Melanin is a widely distributed and striking dark-colored pigment produced by countless living organisms. Although a wide range of bioactivities have been recognized, there are still major constraints in using melanin for biotechnological applications such as its fragmentary known chemical structure and its insolubility in inorganic and organic solvents. In this study, a bacterial culture of Streptomyces cavourensis SV 21 produced two distinct forms of melanin: (1) a particulate, insoluble form as well as (2) a rarely observed water-soluble form. The here presented novel, acid-free purification protocol of purified particulate melanin (PPM) and purified dissolved melanin (PDM) represents the basis for an in-depth comparison of their physicochemical and biological properties, which were compared to the traditional acid-based precipitation of melanin (AM) and to a synthetic melanin standard (SM). Our data show that the differences in solubility between PDM and PPM in aqueous solutions may be a result of different adjoining cation species, since the soluble PDM polymer is largely composed of Mg²⁺ ions and the insoluble PPM is dominated by Ca²⁺ ions. Furthermore, AM shared most properties with SM, which is likely attributed to a similar, acid-based production protocol. The here presented gentler approach of purifying melanin facilitates a new perspective of an intact form of soluble and insoluble melanin that is less chemical altered and thus closer to its original biological form.     

Semi-Synthesis,Cytotoxic Evaluation,and Structure—Activity Relationships of Brefeldin A Derivatives with Antileukemia Activity

Brefeldin A (1), a potent cytotoxic natural macrolactone, was produced by the marine fungus Penicillium sp. (HS-N-29) from the medicinal mangrove Acanthus ilicifolius. Series of its ester derivatives 2–16 were designed and semi-synthesized, and their structures were characterized by spectroscopic methods. Their cytotoxic activities were evaluated against human chronic myelogenous leukemia K562 cell line in vitro, and the preliminary structure–activity relationships revealed that the hydroxy group played an important role. Moreover, the monoester derivatives exhibited stronger cytotoxic activity than the diester derivatives. Among them, brefeldin A 7-O-2-chloro-4,5-difluorobenzoate (7) exhibited the strongest inhibitory effect on the proliferation of K562 cells with an IC₅₀ value of 0.84 µM. Further evaluations indicated that 7 induced cell cycle arrest, stimulated cell apoptosis, inhibited phosphorylation of BCR-ABL, and thereby inactivated its downstream AKT signaling pathway. The expression of downstream signaling molecules in the AKT pathway, including mTOR and p70S6K, was also attenuated after 7-treatment in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, molecular modeling of 7 docked into 1 binding site of an ARF1–GDP-GEF complex represented well-tolerance. Taken together, 7 had the potential to be served as an effective antileukemia agent or lead compound for further exploration.     

水稻穗发芽研究进展

作物收获前的穗发芽是一个严重的全球性农业生产问题。经过漫长的驯化过程,栽培作物的休眠水平普遍低于野生祖先。尽管休眠期的缩短可能提高作物的繁殖代数和农业产值,但过早的休眠释放使作物在成熟收获前发生穗萌发,造成巨大的经济损失。从穗发芽的生理基础、穗发芽相关QTL和基因、穗发芽防控及展望等方面对水稻穗发芽现象进行梳理,认为高含水量是水稻种子萌发和穗发芽的先决条件,该过程中,淀粉酶活性增强和可溶性糖含量升高为穗发芽提供能量,水稻籽粒中植物激素ABA和GA的含量及种子对二者的敏感性是决定穗发芽的关键所在。近年来,穗发芽相关QTL及其功能基因的挖掘为阐明水稻穗萌机理以及培育穗发芽抗性品种提供重要依据。从长远来看,广泛开展水稻种质资源鉴评,尤其在野生稻、地方品种中寻找丢失的休眠基因,并通过分子育种途径聚集此类基因,培育抗穗萌品系（品种）,对于解决穗发芽问题、提高水稻产量和品质、保证国家粮食安全具有重要意义。     

7种生物药剂对百香果茎基腐病菌的抑菌效果试验

【目的】明确7种生物药剂对百香果茎基腐病的防治效果,筛选高效安全生物药剂用于指导百香果生产。【方法】采用菌丝生长速率法测定7种生物药剂对百香果茎基腐病菌的毒力效果,观察药剂对病原菌孢子生长及形态的影响,并用离体接种法测定药剂的防治效果。【结果】7种生物药剂处理对菌落生长均有抑制作用,但对孢子的生长和形态的效果不同。室内毒力测试结果显示植物源药剂中抑菌效果最佳为井冈霉素(EC₅₀为7.79 mg/L),其次为春雷霉素(EC₅₀为26.35 mg/L)、乙蒜素(EC₅₀为28.65 mg/L)、苦参碱(EC₅₀为339.13 mg/L)和多抗霉素(EC₅₀为1 150.29 mg/L)。微生物药剂以枯草芽孢杆菌效果较好,EC₅₀为3.2×10⁶ CFU/g。筛选毒力较强的4种生物药剂均可抑制百香果茎基腐病不同菌株生长。离体试验和田间防效试验表明井冈霉素和枯草芽孢杆菌生物药剂对百香果茎基腐病防治效果显著,两者的离体防效分别为58.8%和70...