邻苯二甲酸对萝卜种子萌发、幼苗叶片膜脂过氧化及渗透调节物质的影响

华北地区是我国玉米的主产区,玉米秸秆还田不仅可有效改善土壤理化性状、提高土壤生物有效性,还会在腐解过程中释放出目前公认的化感物质——酚酸类物质,邻苯二甲酸是玉米秸秆腐解液中的主要酚酸类物质。从玉米秸秆还田过程中主要腐解产物(邻苯二甲酸)对蔬菜作物的化感效应角度进行了研究,为量化秸秆还田量及构建粮-菜轮作制度探寻化感效应依据。试验以萝卜为蔬菜材料,通过配置4个浓度(0.05、0.5、1.0、2.0 mmol/L)的邻苯二甲酸溶液,模拟玉米秸秆还田条件,以清水为对照,研究主要腐解产物邻苯二甲酸对萝卜种子萌发、幼苗生长、膜脂过氧化作用及渗透调节物质的影响。结果表明:(1)萝卜不同生育期对邻苯二甲酸化感效应的响应程度不同。在0.05-1 mmol/L浓度范围内,邻苯二甲酸处理促进了萝卜种子萌发,但随着处理浓度的增大,促进作用减弱;浓度达到2 mmol/L时对萝卜种子萌发具有抑制效果。(2)邻苯二甲酸0.05mmol/L处理,促进了萝卜幼苗干鲜物质积累,幼苗根系生长,其中根系长度和根系表面积分别比对照提高42.03%、38.36%,显著高于清水对照;植株体内超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide dismutase, SOD)活性增大,过氧化物酶(Peroxidase, POD)、过氧化氢酶(Catalase, CAT)活性降低,膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛(Malonaldehyde, MDA)含量与对照无显著差异。(3)当邻苯二甲酸浓度超过0.5 mmol/L时,萝卜幼苗脂质过氧化伤害加剧,体内MDA含量急剧增加,代谢与生理功能出现紊乱,正常生长及干鲜物质积累受到显著抑制。邻苯二甲酸浓度达到2 mmol/L时,叶片数较对照降低了36.51%;根系长度、根系表面积及根尖数降幅分别为64.46%、40.20%、41.28%。(4)对于渗透调节物质的影响,邻苯二甲酸处理促进了萝卜幼苗叶片可溶性糖含量的增加,但随着处理浓度的升高其促进作用逐渐减弱;可溶性蛋白含量随着邻苯二甲酸处理浓度的升高表现出逐渐减少的趋势,分别较对照降低了12.82%、14.88%、21.58%、24.73%。因此,华北地区实施玉米-萝卜轮作模式,从化感效应角度研究玉米秸秆量化还田,应将土壤中邻苯二甲酸浓度控制在0.5 mmol/L范围以内,以防止邻苯二甲酸浓度过高对萝卜幼苗生长的抑制作用。     

Allelopathy in Agroecosystems in Spain

Summary

This paper reviews the effects of allelopathic interactions in agroecosystems in Spain on plant physiological activity and their ecological advantages. The phenological stage of growth of donor plants and the effective allelochemicals in the soil solution while studying the role of phenolic compounds were highlighting. Finally possible future prospects and conclusions regarding weed control by allelochemi-cals under integrated crop management strategies are discussed.     

利用植物化感作用抑藻的研究进展

利用植物化感作用抑制藻类具有生态安全和灵敏高效等优点,对水体富营养化的生态控制具有极其重要的意义。本文研究了利用植物化感作用抑藻的进展,从化感物质对藻细胞光合作用、酶活性、细胞膜、细胞超微结构、基因表达的影响方面探究了植物化感抑藻作用的机理。并分别就水生植物和陆生植物中提取的各类化感抑藻物质的抑藻效果进行分析比较,尤其探讨了木本植物抑藻的潜在价值,为开发新的抑藻剂提供理论指导。本文还针对目前的研究现状,提出植物抑藻领域存在的问题及前景展望。     

化感作用及其在杂草防除中的应用

化感作用在植物界中广泛存在,在杂草防除方面潜力巨大.重点对化感作用的判定、化感物质的释放途径、化感作用的作用机制及其在杂草防除中的应用进行了讨论,并对化感作用在杂草防除中的应用方式和应用潜力进行了探讨.     

黄顶菊化感物质释放途径的初步研究

采用室内生物测定法,以萝卜、小麦、玉米和棉花为受体,研究了黄顶菊对受体植物的化感作用,旨在了解黄顶菊化感物质的释放途径。结果显示:黄顶菊自然挥发物对受体植物不表现化感作用;黄顶菊淋溶物对棉花幼苗生长表现出明显的抑制作用,对棉花幼苗高度和根长的抑制率分别为6.29%和10.42%;黄顶菊枯落物浸提液和根系分泌物浸提液对4种受体植物均表现出不同程度的抑制作用,除了黄顶菊根系分泌物浸提液B3处理外,其它处理的综合效应均显著大于淋溶物处理,如黄顶菊枯落物浸提液(A1、A2、A3)、根系分泌物浸提液(B1、B2、B3)以及淋溶物等各处理对受体植物的综合效应分别为44.74、29.37、14.5、31.54、16.52、3.55、1.48。结果表明,黄顶菊主要通过植株残体和根系分泌向环境中释放化感物质,其次是通过雨雾的淋溶对受体植物产生化感作用。     

Preliminary Characterization of Extracellular Allelochemicals of the Toxic Marine Dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense Using a Rhodomonas salina Bioassay

Members of the marine dinoflagellate genus Alexandrium are known to exude allelochemicals, unrelated to well-known neurotoxins (PSP-toxins, spirolides), with negative effects on other phytoplankton and marine grazers. Physico/chemical characterization of extracellular lytic compounds of A. tamarense, quantified by Rhodomonas salina bioassay, showed that the lytic activity, and hence presumably the compounds were stable over wide ranges of temperatures and pH and were refractory to bacterial degradation. Two distinct lytic fractions were collected by reversed-phase solid-phase extraction. The more hydrophilic fraction accounted for about 2% of the whole lytic activity of the A. tamarense culture supernatant, while the less hydrophilic one accounted for about 98% of activity. Although temporal stability of the compounds is high, substantial losses were evident during purification. Lytic activity was best removed from aqueous phase with chloroform-methanol (3:1). A “pseudo-loss” of lytic activity in undisturbed and low-concentrated samples and high activity of an emulsion between aqueous and n-hexane phase after liquid-liquid partition are strong evidence for the presence of amphipathic compounds. Lytic activity in the early fraction of gel permeation chromatography and lack of activity after 5 kD ultrafiltration indicate that the lytic agents form large aggregates or macromolecular complexes.     

外来入侵植物紫茎泽兰化感作用研究进展

紫茎泽兰(Eupatorium adenophroum)是一种典型的恶性入侵杂草,在全球很多国家和地区广泛分布,并在这些地区造成了严重的经济和生物多样性损失。研究人员已经对其展开了广泛的研究,本文对与紫茎泽兰化感作用相关的几个方面作一综述。     

The potential of botanical essential oils for insect pest control

Today,Insect Pest management (IPM) has to face up to the economic andecological consequences of the use of pest control measures.Fifty years of sustained struggle against harmful insects usingsynthetic and oil-derivative molecules has produced perversesecondary effects (mammalian toxicity, insect resistance andecological hazards). The diversification of the approachesinherent in IPM is necessary for better environmental protection.Among the alternative strategies, the use of plants, insecticidal allelochemicals appears to be promising. Aromatic plants, and their essential oils, are among the most efficient botanicals. Their activities are manifold. They induce fumigant and topical toxicity as well as antifeedant or repellent effects. They are toxic to adults but also inhibit reproduction. Although mechanisms depend on phytochemical patterns and are not yet well known, this widespread range of activities is more and more being considered for both industrial and household uses: essential oils are presently regarded as a new class of ecological products for controlling insect pests     

Allelopathy--a natural alternative for weed control

Allelopathy studies the interactions among plants, fungi, algae and bacteria with the organisms living in a certain ecosystem, interactions that are mediated by the secondary metabolites produced and exuded into the environment. Consequently, allelopathy is a multidisciplinary science where ecologists, chemists, soil scientists, agronomists, biologists, plant physiologists and molecular biologists offer their skills to give an overall view of the complex interactions occurring in a certain ecosystem. As a result of these studies, applications in weed and pest management are expected in such different fields as development of new agrochemicals, cultural methods, developing of allelopathic crops with increased weed resistance, etc. The present paper will focus on the chemical aspects of allelopathy, pointing out the most recent advances in the chemicals disclosed, their mode of action and their fate in the ecosystem. Also, attention will be paid to achievements in genomics and proteomics, two emerging fields in allelopathy. Rather than being exhaustive, this paper is intended to reflect a critical vision of the current state of allelopathy and to point to future lines of research where in the authors' opinion the main advances and applications could and should be expected.