Weed abundance and soil seedbank responses to tillage systems in continuous maize crops

Weed abundance in crops undergoes frequent changes, often due to changes in tillage practices. Annual species, with quick germination, a short vegetative stage, profuse seed production and long-lived seeds become problematic under zero-tillage systems. Portulaca oleracea L. and Amaranthus blitoides L. are widespread weeds in the Mediterranean area, prominent in irrigated crops. We studied the total weed abundance in the field, and specifically these two species (Portulaca oleracea and Amaranthus blitoides) with high frequency of occurrence in monoculture maize, from 2012 to 2014, in the field and soil seedbank. Results showed significant differences between zero-tillage (ZT) and conventional tillage (CT) systems on total weed abundance and relative abundance of Portulaca oleracea. Total weed abundance decreased in ZT plots (from 136 plants m^?2 to 25 and 46 plants m^?2, in 2013 and 2014 respectively). The same trend was observed in Portulaca oleracea recorded in ZT plots, but the abundance of Amaranthus blitoides did not vary in this system. Weed seedling germination and weed seed numbers both of total weed seedbank and Portulaca oleracea, were greater in ZT plots compared to CT, regarding Amaranthus blitoides seedling germination and seed count, the values did not increase with ZT, in continuous maize crops.     

农田杂草抗药性检测鉴定方法

化学除草剂的大面积使用,解决了农田草害的主要问题,极大的推动了农业生产和除草剂化学工业的发展。但是,随着除草剂使用面积和用量的不断提高,杂草抗药性已日益成为除草剂应用和农业生产面临的一个突出问题。目前对抗药性杂草的发生和分布、生物学特性、抗性机理、鉴定技术以及抗药性杂草的综合治理等方面进行了大量的研究。其中,杂草抗药性的鉴定是其综合治理的前提,因此也是最为重要的内容之一。本文对杂草抗药性的鉴定方法,如温室整株植物测定法、生理生化测定法以及DNA分析技术等进行介绍,并对这些技术的优缺点进行分析。     

簇毛麦1V染色体的传递及品质效应分析

簇毛麦是小麦的一个野生近缘种,小麦-簇毛麦1V异附加系和异代换系的蛋白质含量和沉降值均高,将簇毛麦1V染色体的优质基因导入普通小麦,进一步创造小麦-簇毛麦1V染色体易位系是小麦品质改良的有效途径.以小麦-簇毛麦1V异染色体系材料为基础,用普通小麦连续回交,结合原位杂交和PCR标记鉴定方法,分析1V染色体以及1V结构变异...     

水草收割机明轮推进器的建模与仿真分析

为进一步研究水草收割机在乌梁素海生态治理中有效控制湖泊富营养化的问题,针对水草收割机明轮推进器的运动特性,运用MATLAB中SQP法优化明轮的结构尺寸;根据优化的结构尺寸,通过Pro/E软件建立与物理样机相同的明轮推进器三维实体模型,装配后模拟其真实运动情况,并进行干涉检验.通过Pro/E和ADAMS的专用接口模块MECH/Pro将实体模型导入到ADAMS软件中,运用动力学分析软件ADAMS对明轮推进器进行运动仿真,获得有效数据,为水草收割机系列产品设计研究提供参考数据.     

基于MSRCR-YOLOv4-tiny的田间玉米杂草检测模型

为实现田间环境下对玉米苗和杂草的高精度实时检测,本文提出一种融合带色彩恢复的多尺度视网膜(Multi-scale retinex with color restoration, MSRCR)增强算法的改进YOLOv4-tiny模型。首先,针对田间环境的图像特点采用MSRCR算法进行图像特征增强预处理,提高图像的对比度和细节质量;然后使用Mosaic在线数据增强方式,丰富目标检测背景,提高训练效率和小目标的检测精度;最后对YOLOv4-tiny模型使用K-means++聚类算法进行先验框聚类分析和通道剪枝处理。改进和简化后的模型总参数量降低了45.3%,模型占用内存减少了45.8%,平均精度均值(Mean average precision, mAP)提高了2.5个百分点,在Jetson Nano嵌入式平台上平均检测帧耗时减少了22.4%。本文提出的Prune-YOLOv4-tiny模型与Faster RCNN、YOLOv3-tiny、YOLOv4 3种常用的目标检测模型进行比较,结果表明：Prune-YOLOv4-tiny的mAP为96.6%,分别比Faster RCNN和YOLOv3...     

Weed competition in cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis) in the Jordan Valley

A field experiment was carried out in 1996/1997 and repeated in 1997/1998 at the Jordan University Research Station located in the central Jordan Valley to determine the effect of weed competition on growth and yield of cauliflower Brassica oleracea var. botrytis cv. “White Cloud”. The treatments consisted of either allowing weeds to infest the crop or maintaining plots weed-free for increasing durations after transplanting. Results showed that longer periods of weed/cauliflower competition greatly reduced crop growth and head yield. Average reductions in shoot dry weight and head yield were 81% and 89%, respectively. Maintaining a weed-free crop for any period after transplanting increased cauliflower growth and head yield compared with the weed-infested control. Weed competition for 14 days after transplanting reduced cauliflower average head yield by 41%. To determine the critical period of weed competition and the influence of weed infestation on cauliflower head yield the Gompertz and logistic equations were fitted to data representing increasing duration of weed-free and weed-infested periods, respectively. Based upon an arbitrary 5% level of head yield loss, the critical period of weed competition occurred at 0–38 days after cauliflower transplanting which corresponded with the rapid increase in weed biomass. Results indicated that early weed removal is necessary to prevent yield loss.     

基于图像处理的杂草叶片识别参数研究

杂草种类繁多、危害严重,对杂草种类进行精确识别,可以提高除草效率,减少除草剂使用量,降低其对环境的污染.为此,应用图像处理的有关技术,以杂草叶片为研究对象,以形态、纹理和颜色特征相结合的方法来描述杂草叶片信息,提出了共16个特征参数可对杂草叶片信息进行精确描述,该特征参数可区别不同种类的杂草,为农药的精确投放和现代施药装备的开发奠定基础.     

海南被子植物分布新资料(Ⅱ)

报道了海南岛被子植物5个新记录种。新记录种分别为三室黄麻(Corchorus trilocularis L.)、钻叶紫菀(Symphyotrichum subulatum(Michx.)G.L.Nesom)、光果姜(Zingiber nudicarpum D.Fang)、线纹香茶菜(Isodon lophanthoides(Buch.-Ham.ex D.Don)H.Hara)、狭序泡花树(Meliosma paupera Hand.-Mazz.)。凭证标本保存于中国热带农业科学院植物标本室(ATCH)。     

外来植物土荆芥入侵的化学基础探讨

土荆芥为藜科藜属一年生或多年生直立草本植物,1864年首次发现于中国台湾省台北淡水,2010年1月7日被列入中国《第二批外来入侵植物种名单》。目前对土荆芥的入侵学研究主要集中在生物学、生态学、化学成分、他感作用、逆境抗性等方面,因此其入侵机制主要是化学武器假说,如次生代谢旺盛,具化感潜力,抗逆性强等。但并未从分子学角度进行相关研究,如土荆芥的遗传进化特点、土荆芥入侵的分子标记、土荆芥的代谢组学等。尤其是土荆芥入侵之后,其与本土植物的种子萌发速度或生长速度比较(优先效应),目前尚未有报道。因此,未来在上述研究的基础上,必须对其分子生物学开展深入研究,尤其应重点研究土荆芥入侵的优先效应机制。     

土壤日晒在绿色植保中的应用与展望

土壤消毒主要用于土壤病虫草害防控。过去几十年,土壤主要采用化学药品熏蒸消毒,不合理使用容易造成环境污染。土壤蒸汽消毒、火焰消毒和热水浇灌等需要专门的仪器设备,且存在能耗较高、灭生性强、容易破坏土壤结构等缺点。目前,土壤日晒技术受到意大利、美国、以色列等70多个国家农业科学家的广泛关注,但在中国依然处于初级阶段。本文总结了国内外学者关于土壤日晒对农业病虫草害、土壤肥力、农作物产量等方面的影响与应用,分析了土壤日晒存在的局限性,并对土壤日晒在未来农业绿色防控上的应用前景进行了展望,以期为农产品无公害生产提供理论依据和实践参考。