金沙江干热河谷区不同土地利用方式下的土壤特性分异特征

对金沙江干热河谷区相同背景条件下的合欢林地、玉米地、桑地、甘蔗地、花椒地、撂荒草地以及水桐树林地的土壤理化性状进行了研究.结果表明,该区域天然水桐树林破坏后改为其它土地利用方式后对土壤理化性质影响显著,表现为土壤有机质、全氮、全磷和碱解氮含量显著降低,速效磷和容重没有显著变化,速效钾有一定程度升高;不同利用方式对其影响作用差异不同,但总体来说改造为合欢林和撂荒草地对土壤理化属性的影响相对较少.土壤综合属性指数随天然水桐树林改为其它利用方式后均呈现不同程度降低,其降幅由小到大依次为草地>合欢林地>甘蔗地>玉米地>花椒地>桑地,人为干扰越重对土壤质量的破坏作用越大,因此减少人为活动,增加该区域土壤物质归还量是改善土壤质量的重要措施之一.     

黑土坡耕地土壤侵蚀对土壤性状的影响

黑土作为东北地区主要的耕作土壤,其结构性状对土地生产力影响极大。土壤侵蚀使肥沃的黑土层减薄,土壤理化性状不同程度地受到破坏和影响。根据黑土侵蚀现状,对不同侵蚀程度黑土坡耕地的养分状况、土壤田间持水量和渗透速度、抗蚀抗冲性能指标的测定分析发现,黑土侵蚀程度由轻度到重度,土壤有机质等养分含量越来越低;土壤蓄渗水能力逐渐减小;土壤抗蚀抗冲性能亦逐渐降低。黑土坡耕地土壤侵蚀程度的加剧,使得土壤有机质含量减少,保肥供肥能力降低,土壤黏度加重,结构变劣,保水能力减弱,影响农作物的生长发育,势必对我国东北黑土区商品粮基地的重要地位构成严重威胁。     

不同电极排列方式介电分选种子试验

为检验介电分选装置中电极排列方式对种子分选效果的影响,在同一个分选滚筒上布置轴向和圆周两种电极排列方式。采用等间距区间分组,统计不同试验条件下各区间内落入种子频数,并对种子分选后的分布进行了检验。试验结果表明,与圆周排列电极分选相比较,电极轴向排列时种子的脱落角大,并且种子分布样本标准差大,有利于将不同质量的种子分散开,有利于种子分选;落地种子分布符合正态分布,分选种子试验的重复性好,分选过程中种子相互碰撞明显减少,有利于区分不同级别的种子。试验研究结果为种子介电分选装置的设计提供了理论依据。     

尾矿砂堆积地五节芒自然定居对土壤微生物生物量、呼吸速率及酶活性的影响

为了认识重金属耐性植物五节芒（Miscanthus floridulus）对尾矿砂土壤的改良作用,在尾矿砂堆积地上选择1个裸露的尾矿砂样点（对照）和4个五节芒定居的尾矿砂样点（RI、RII、RIII和RIV）为样地,研究了土壤微生物生物量、呼吸速率和酶活性随五节芒定居梯度的变化规律以及这些微生物参数与土壤理化特性和重金属含量的关系。结果发现,随着五节芒在尾矿砂上的定居,除土壤pH以外,土壤有机碳、总氮、总磷、NH4+-N、NO3--N和速效磷的含量以及团聚体稳定性和最大持水量均显著提高（P 0.05）,而土壤重金属总量与DTPA可提取量均显著下降（P 0.05）。土壤生物生物量碳、氮、磷、基础呼吸速率、基质诱导呼吸速率、10种土壤酶活性均显著提高（P 0.05）,但土壤呼吸熵和多酚氧化酶活性显著下降（P 0.05）。主分量分析（PCA）结果表明,土壤微生物参数、土壤理化特性和土壤重金属数据均可显著区分出5个研究样地;典范相关分析（CCA）结果看出,土壤微生物参数总体变化与土壤理化特性呈显著正相关（pH除外）,与土壤重金属呈显著负相关。     

梅江盆地叶塘组紫色岩上发育土壤的物理性质研究

采用野外调查、取样和室内实验分析相结合的方法,研究了梅江盆地白垩系上统叶塘组（Kyt^2）紫色岩上土壤物理性质特征扣差异,结果表明：叶塘组紫色岩母质发育的土壤粘粒含量低而砂粒含量高,具有容重较大,比重相对偏小,孔隙度不高,自然含水量偏低的特点。从丘顶、丘腰到丘脚,土层逐渐增厚,土壤粘粒含量逐渐增加,砂粒含量逐渐减少,容重递增而比重减小。孔隙度表现出丘顶〉丘腰〉丘脚的趋势,含水量则表现出丘顶〈丘腰〈丘脚的趋势。针对情况,提出相应建议以维护紫色土利用的可持续发展。     

水稻白转绿突变体的特性、遗传及其育种应用

对通过辐射诱变获得的具有白化转绿特性的水稻光温敏核不育突变体的遗传及其生物学特性进行了研究。结果表明,这些突变体可分为3种类型：白化转绿类型(W2、W3、W4和W10),白化转黄绿类型(W9)和白化转绿后期转白复绿类型(W1和W7)。这些突变体的白转绿特性都是受一对隐性基因控制,具有与原不育系“培矮64S”相似的农艺性状和育性转换特性,它们的杂种具有与原杂交稻相似的株叶形态,分蘖和株高生长动态,但是它们的产量构成因素依不同的突变系而表现不同,其中W1、W2和W3的杂种具有与原杂交稻相似的产量潜力,具有较好的育种应用价值。     

Spatial pattern and heterogeneity of soil properties in sand dunes under grazing and restoration in Horqin Sandy Land, Northern China

Applying a combination of classical and geostatistical methods, we identified soil properties and their spatial variation in a 5-year grazed sand dune (GSD5) and a 20-year recovered sand dune (RSD20) in Horqin Sandy Land, northern China. The paper assesses the effect of grazing, topography and vegetation restoration on spatial heterogeneity of soil properties. The results showed that soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, very fine sand (0.1–0.05 mm) content and their coefficients of variation were lower in GSD5 than in RSD20, while soil water contents (0–20 cm and 20–40 cm depths) were higher in GSD5 than in RSD20. Geostatistical analysis revealed that the spatial structured variance accounted for the largest proportion of total sample variance in soil properties at the measured scale under grazing and restoration. The spatial autocorrelation ranges were 66.30 m for soil organic carbon and 50.80 m for total nitrogen in GSD5 less than those in RSD20 (70.00 m and 76.10 m, respectively), while the spatial autocorrelation ranges of soil particle size fractions and soil water contents in RSD20 were less than those in GSD5. Kriging-interpolated maps also showed that the heterogeneity of soil organic carbon and total nitrogen and their degree of patch fragmentation were higher in GSD5 than in RSD20. These results suggested that continuous grazing resulted in an increase in spatial variability of soil nutrient and a decrease in spatial variability of soil particle size fractions and soil water content. Soil organic carbon and total nitrogen of sand dunes are associated closely with soil particle size fractions, relative height of sampling site and vegetation cover. Spatial patterns of soil properties are most strongly related to grazing, topography and plant-induced heterogeneity in sand dune ecosystems prone to wind erosion.     

单轨道山地果园运输机齿条齿形优选

为减小单轨道山地果园运输机能耗及提高运输效率,该文基于动力学理论建立了运输机驱动轮与轨道齿条啮合的动力学模型,并设计、加工制造了链轮齿形齿条、销轮齿形齿条、摆线齿形齿条。以运输机驱动轮旋转角速度、轨道坡度、齿条齿形为考察因素,以驱动轮与不同齿形齿条啮合时所需提供的驱动扭矩为评价指标,探究齿条齿形对单轨道山地果园运输机力学性能的影响,得到在相同条件下驱动轮与链轮齿形齿条啮合时的驱动扭矩最小,且波动幅度最小。在驱动轮转速为+88.08 rad/s、轨道坡度分别为+0?、+6?、+12?时,驱动轮与链轮齿形齿条啮合时的驱动扭矩均值较驱动轮与圆弧齿形齿条啮合时的驱动扭矩均值分别减小33.82%,33.45%,21.59%;在驱动轮转速为-88.08 rad/s、轨道坡度分别为-0?、-6?、-12?时,驱动轮与链轮齿形齿条啮合时的驱动扭矩均值较驱动轮与圆弧齿形齿条啮合时的驱动扭矩均值分别减小35.55%,27.24%,30.43%。试验结果表明,链轮齿形齿条综合性能最优,较圆弧齿形齿条更适宜用于单轨道山地果园运输机的轨道运输中。该研究为单轨道山地果园运输机轨道的结构优化设计提供了参考。     

Strip-till as a means of decreasing spatial variability of winter barley within a field scale

The tillage system, which joins soil tillage, fertilisation, and seed sowing in one pass of a machine, is rarely used in cereal cultivation. This research aimed to study whether strip-till and conventional tillage (post-harvest ripping and mixing of stubble, ploughing, pre-sowing fertilisation, and seedbed preparation) differ in plant density, yield components, and grain yield of winter barley cultivated on Cambisol in a region with low rainfall, the annual average is about 500?mm. To reach this aim, a two-year, large-plot experiment was conducted in a production field. The soil within the field was spatially variable in texture, moisture, and chemical and biological properties, CV 2.3% do 29.6%. Strip-till had lower within-field spatial variability of winter barley grain yield than conventional tillage. The standard deviation was 0.36?t?ha^?1, 0.67?t?ha^?1 in the first year and 0.12?t?ha^?1, 0.30?t?ha^?1 in the second year, respectively. During the period of limited rainfall, strip-till had greater uniformity of plants after emergence; after the winter with low air temperature and a low amount of snow, it had greater plant density. Thus, strip-till can reduce variability of plants and their yield within a field, especially in adverse environmental conditions.     

冻融对河北省深州市盐碱地土壤理化性质的影响

随着全球气候变暖,冻融对土壤性质的影响日益受到重视。以河北省深州市盐碱土为研究对象,通过分析土壤含水率、全持水量、容重、饱和导水率、电导率、pH和有机质的变化,探讨冻融对0—20cm深度盐碱地土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明:0—20cm土层深度,冻融增加土壤的含水率,而对全持水量的影响较小;0—10cm土层深度,冻融增加了土壤容重与pH,降低了土壤的电导率和渗透性,该层土壤水盐运移呈特殊规律,土壤含水率与电导率呈相反变化趋势;对于10—20cm土层深度,冻融增加了土壤的渗透性和有机质的含量。在相关性分析中,0—20cm土层深度土壤容重与全持水量呈极显著负相关(P0.01),与含水率呈显著负相关(P0.05),其有机质含量和导水率与其他性质无显著相关;0—10cm土层深度土壤pH与容重和含水率呈极显著相关,与全持水量呈显著相关;10—20cm土层深度土壤电导率与容重呈显著负相关,与全持水量呈显著正相关。研究结果为冻融对盐碱土影响的研究及盐碱土的改良提供科学依据。