均匀设计优化槐花中黄酮类物质的水浸提工艺

以提高水提液中黄酮类化合物质量浓度为目的,通过4组单因素试验和均匀试验研究了槐花黄酮类化合物的最佳水提工艺。结果表明:在料液比为34g∶250mL条件下,槐花黄酮类化合物的最优水提条件为水的pH值8.0、水提温度100℃、水提时间105min;按优化工艺条件黄酮类化合物的得率为1.440%。     

不同大豆品种籽粒体积、含水量、脂肪和蛋白质积累动态分析

采用来自辽宁、吉林、黑龙江三地的成熟期不同的三个大豆品种,研究其品种间籽粒体积积累、含水量变化、脂肪和蛋白质的积累动态以及各个过程的关系并比较出各品种间的异同.结果是:在籽粒从开始鼓粒到成熟期间各品种籽粒体积都是先鼓胀到一个最高值然后迅速回落.此期间的籽粒含水量都一直在下降,从开始鼓粒到体积最大期间含水量下降缓慢,而在体积达最大值后到成熟期间含水量下降迅速,很快接近稳定值.各品种脂肪积累总体上是先稳定上升,在接近成熟时略有下降.蛋白质的积累同样是缓慢上升至接近成熟时稳中有降.各品种在这四个指标积累过程中除含水量变化曲线基本无明显差别外,另三个指标变化曲线都有一些各自的特点.四个指标总体平均数之间的相关系数各不相同.     

Nitrification kinetics of biofilm as affected by water quality factors

Various types of fixed film biofilters have been used in recirculating aquaculture systems under different water quality and operating conditions. The effectiveness of the nitrification process can be evaluated by nitrification kinetics. Nitrification in the bacterial film of the biofilter involves physical, chemical and biological processes that are governed by a variety of parameters such as substrate and dissolved oxygen concentrations, organic matters, temperature, pH, alkalinity, salinity and turbulence level. The impacts of these parameters upon nitrification kinetics make predicting the performance of a biofilter for a given application an engineering challenge. Knowing the performance of a biofilter is critical for both designers and managers. This paper summarizes the current knowledge on nitrification kinetics as affected by the aforementioned factors based on literature and the results from the authors’ laboratories. These factors were ranked according to their significance of impact on biofilter nitrification performance. The information presented can be used as a reference for the design and operation of biofilters in recirculating aquaculture systems.     

水流和光照条件对舌状蜈蚣藻Grateloupia livida (Harv)Yamad果孢子萌发生长的影响

在不同水流和不同光照条件下,分别对舌状蜈蚣藻Grateloupia livida (Harv)Yamad果孢子萌发情况展开研究,以期为其苗种生产奠定基础。舌状蜈蚣藻果孢子在附着1 d、15 d后,置于不同水流速度(0、1、1.5、4、7、10、14 cm/s;1.5 cm/s流速由充气控制,其他流速由流水装置控制)培养20 d;舌状蜈蚣藻果孢子附着1 d后,在不同光照周期(6L∶18D、8L∶16D、10L∶14D、12L∶12D、14L∶10D、16L∶8D)和不同光照强度(35、85、135 µmol photons/m2·s)交叉条件下培养70 d。结果显示,附着1 d的果孢子萌发体在静止条件下的萌发生长明显优于其他水流速度下的(P<0.05);附着15 d的果孢子萌发体在1.5 cm/s流速下的萌发生长最好(P<0.05),在静止条件下的萌发生长明显慢于其他流速下的各组(P<0.05)。光照周期和光照强度对果孢子萌发生长的影响显著(P<0.05),这二者对盘状体和孢苗生长的影响具有交互作用(P<0.05),对盘状体萌发出直立体的影响没有交互作用(P>0.05)。光照时间为8–10 h,盘状体萌发直立体的百分率以及孢苗的高度明显高于其他光照时间下的各组。光照强度为35 µmol photons/m2·s时,盘状体萌发直立体的百分率以及孢苗的高度明显比其他光照强度下的高。研究表明,在舌状蜈蚣藻育苗生产中,可采取孢子刚附着时静水培养,附苗后15 d充气培养,并控制光照时间为8–10 h和光照强度为35 µmol photons/ m2·s。     

对虾养殖中新生残饵耗氧动态及其规律的研究

本文根据实验模拟研究的结果，估算了由配合饵料和贻贝肉形成残饵后３６天时间内的耗氧量，并讨论了其耗氧动态和规律。残饵耗氧量的变化范围为４．０９～１７．６１ｇ／ｋｇ·ｄ。残饵耗氧曲线随残饵形成时间的不同而显著变化，且始终呈二次曲线衰减形式，在其演变过程中，该二次曲线方程的二次项系数由负数逐渐演变为正数，并最终接近于污染虾塘底质的耗氧曲线。配合饵料和贻贝肉的耗氧曲线变化形式相近，但程度上存在较大差异。另外，本文还初步探讨了残饵的耗氧高峰期，估算了残饵在虾塘底质总耗氧量中的作用。     

南昌市3个城中湖泊夏季轮虫和甲壳类群落特征及水质评价

为探究城市湖泊浮游动物群落结构特征和分布与水环境因子之间的关系,并评价南昌市典型城市湖泊夏季水质状况,运用多维尺度分析（MDS）和典范对应分析（CCA）方法,对南昌3个城市湖泊———东湖、青山湖、月亮湖的轮虫和甲壳类浮游动物群落进行了研究,分析了浮游动物的多样性指数。结果表明,轮虫是夏季城市湖泊中浮游动物的优势类群,优势度（Y）大于0．02的浮游动物分别为剪形臂尾轮虫（Brachionus forficula）、裂足臂尾轮虫（Brachionus diversicornis）、萼花臂尾轮虫（Brachionus calyciflorus）、桡足类无节幼体（Copepoda nauplii）和卜氏晶囊轮虫（Asplanchna brightwelli）;3个湖泊之间浮游动物的群落结构差异显著（P ＜0．05）,明显划分为东湖群落、青山湖群落和月亮湖群落。叶绿素 a 浓度、浊度和溶氧是浮游动物分布的显著影响因子（P ＜0．05）。多样性指数评价显示,东湖为清洁型水体,青山湖为清洁－中污型水体,月亮湖为轻污－中污型水体。综合评价表明,东湖和青山湖水体为寡营养水平,月亮湖为中富营养水平。     

光合细菌提高凡纳滨对虾幼体抗逆性的研究

人工引入光合细菌于凡纳滨对虾养殖环境中,监测与养殖环境相关的水质因子(氨氮、亚硝酸氮、化学需氧量)的变化;观察不同光合细菌使用浓度下凡纳滨对虾对人工制造的胁迫环境的抗逆性;观测不同光合细菌使用浓度下凡纳滨对虾的成活率与体重增长率。研究光合细菌对水质改善和凡纳滨对虾抗逆性的影响。结果表明,光合细菌能显著(P<0.05)降低水体中的化学需氧量、氨氮含量并抑制亚硝酸盐氮的产生;当光合细菌投放浓度为3×103cfu/mL时,水体中化学需氧量、氨态氮、亚硝酸盐氮含量的均值分别比对照组降低了31.59%、43.42%、52.20%;成活率比对照组提高了18.67%,体重增长率是对照组的1.34倍;当光合细菌使用浓度为3×102cfu/mL~3×104cfu/mL时,对虾抗逆性显著(P<0.05)增强,对虾在氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮、高锰酸钾、甲醛胁迫下24 h的成活率均值分别比对照组提高了36.67%、25.00%、26.39%、10.00%。     

黄河源园区水生态功能一二级分区

生态功能分区是区域水生态系统区划及水环境规划管理的基础,也是生态文明建设背景下更为全面和系统性的分析和规划。出于三江源国家公园区域生态保护与分区管理,为探究地表水资源及生态系统的空间格局分异规律,以黄河源园区为研究对象,在综合分析其自然环境条件和水陆生态控制因子的基础上,结合园区内部各区域生态地理特征,基于GIS和RS平台,构建黄河源园区水生态功能分区评价指标体系。通过空间自相关距离确定降水、河网密度和地貌3个一级分区指标以及植被指数、植被生产力、土壤类型、土地利用类型4个二级分区指标;基于子流域完整性,运用数据叠加技术将黄河源园区分为5个一级水生态功能分区和19个二级水生态功能分区,运用相关性分析检验分区的合理性和准确性,并讨论了不同区域的生态系统特征和主要生态环境问题,阐述了水资源、植被资源的空间特征和分布规律。分区结果可为区域水陆环境的管理和保护利用提供科学依据与目标定位。     

Measurement of 5-day biochemical oxygen demand without sample dilution or bacterial and nutrient enhancement

A direct method for measuring the 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅) of aquaculture samples that does not require sample dilution or bacterial and nutrient enrichment was evaluated. The regression coefficient (R²) between the direct method and the standard method for the analyses of 32 samples from catfish ponds was 0.996. The slope of the regression line did not differ from 1.0 or the Y-intercept from 0.0 at P = 0.05. Thus, there was almost perfect agreement between the two methods. The control limits (three standard deviations of the mean) for a standard solution containing 15 mg/L each of glutamic acid and glucose were 17.4 and 20.4 mg/L. The precision of the two methods, based on eight replicate analyses of four pond water samples did not differ at P = 0.05.     

The influence of feeding history on the acute stress response of common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

The effect of an 80-day maintenance-feeding period on the acute stress response of common carp, Cyprinus carpio, to net confinement was determined. Fish were raised on an optimal feeding level of 20 g food/kg of metabolic fish weight per day (g/kg^0.8 day⁻¹) until 124 days post-hatch (dph). Feeding in group one (L>H) was then reduced to maintenance levels, i.e. 5 g/kg^0.8 day⁻¹ until 204 dph, when the feeding was again increased to 20 g/kg^0.8 day⁻¹. In group two (H>L), the feeding level was reduced from 20 to 5 g/kg^0.8 day⁻¹ on day 146. All fish were sampled at 226 dph. Food ration had significant effects on the growth rate and food conversion values with fish fed the high ration performing better than those on a lower level. Prior to the application of the stressor, only plasma levels of triglycerides were lower in fish fed a low food ration (H>L). Feeding history influenced the onset of the stress response with stressor-induced elevations of plasma cortisol, glucose and free fatty acids being higher in fish fed a high ration compared with those fed a low ration prior to sampling. These results suggest that feeding history through modification of the energy reserves can influence the onset of the acute stress response.