气候变化下子午沙鼠在中国的潜在分布分析

为探究气候变化下子午沙鼠在中国的潜在分布和时空变化,本研究利用子午沙鼠分布数据以及气候、地形等环境数据,基于最大熵模型(The maximum entropy,MaxEnt)和地理信息系统(Geographic information System,GIS)技术,分析大空间尺度上限制子午沙鼠地理分布的主导环境因子。结果表明：当前气候下子午沙鼠高适生区主要分布在甘肃河西走廊、内蒙古西南部、宁夏北部,以及新疆塔里木盆地和天山山脉之间、伊犁州和塔城等地区,中适生区主要分布在甘肃酒泉的北部,内蒙古西北部,青海中部以及新疆的大部分地区;温度是限制子午沙鼠分布的主导气候因子,其次是海拔,降水量也有一定影响。随着全球气候变暖,子午沙鼠生境适宜度提高,在中国的潜在分布范围将扩大。本研究对子午沙鼠危害监测预警和精准防控具有重要的指导意义。     

土壤-植被系统演变对生物防沙工程的影响

包兰铁路横穿腾格里沙漠的沙坡头段 ,全长近 5 0km ,这里年降水量 186mm ,流动沙丘相对高度 2 0m以上 ,以 4m·a- 1 的速度向东南方向移动。无灌溉条件下、工程措施与生物措施相结合的防沙固沙工程体系始建于195 6年 ,近半个世纪以来该体系确保了包兰铁路的畅通无阻 ,累计经济效益逾百亿人民币。虽然当初的建设者充分考虑了耐旱的乡土树种、有效的工程固沙系统 ,但很难想到几十年后的土壤 -植被系统的演变会危及整个防护体系的稳定性。植被在从人工系统向自然系统的演变中经历了覆盖度从增加到减少的自疏过程、从灌木到半灌木到草本的变化 ,其降低风速和防风的功能减弱 ;土壤从流动风沙土发育成钙积旱成土 ,地表生物结皮发育 ,增加了表土的抗风蚀的能力 ;土壤 -植被系统的演变使得降水在生态系统中的再分配过程已经彻底改变 ,并由于防护林体系配置不完善 ,在 5 0～ 5 0 0cm的土层深度一个生物成因的干旱层逐渐形成 ,新的水分平衡格局明显威胁到现有的防风固沙体系。     

A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON SOIL AGGREGATE INLARCH AND LARCH-WALNUT FORESTS

Theinfluenceofpureormixedforestonsoilpropertiesandtheproductivityofstandhasbeenagreatinteresttoforesters.Theauthour,throughalongperoidofresearchwork'foundthatLarch-Walnutmixedforestimprovedthephysicochemicalpropertiesofsoilandincreasedsoilferti1ity,andthattheacidationofsoilunderLarchforestwasalong-termprocess.Toinquireintothechangesinsoilproperties,water-stableaggregateofthesoilwasspeciallystudiedandsatisfactoryresulthasbeenrecieved.It'savailabletousethean1ountofaggregateasanindicatortotheeff…     

氮磷比对旱地小麦土壤水分及籽粒蛋白质积累的影响

为给旱地小麦高产优质栽培提供理论措施,采用大田试验研究了不同氮磷比对旱地小麦0～100 cm土壤蓄水量、籽粒蛋白质积累差异的影响.结果表明:增加施氮量增加了N∶P为1∶0.5和1∶0.75条件下越冬至抽穗期0～100 cm土壤蓄水量,显著增加了0～35 d籽粒蛋白质含量、成熟期籽粒蛋白质及其组分含量、谷醇比、蛋白质产量,降低了开花期和成熟期土壤蓄水量.结果还表明:施氮量为150 kg·hm-2,增加施磷量增加了越冬至抽穗期土壤蓄水量、成熟期籽粒蛋白质及其组分含量、谷醇比、蛋白质产量,显著增加了0～35 d籽粒蛋白质含量,降低了开花期、成熟期土壤蓄水量;施氮量为180 kg· hm-2,越冬至抽穗期土壤蓄水量以N∶P为1∶0.75最高,开花期、成熟期以N∶P为1∶0.5显著最高;0～35 d籽粒蛋白质、成熟期籽粒蛋白质及其组分含量、谷醇比、蛋白质产量均以N∶P为1∶0.75显著最高,N∶P为1∶0.5最低.此外,籽粒蛋白质及其组分含量、谷醇比、蛋白质产量与越冬至抽穗期土壤蓄水量呈显著或极显著正相关,与开花期、成熟期土壤蓄水量呈负相关.可见,旱地小麦深松十深施有机肥条件下,播前适当增施氮肥且N∶P为1∶0.75有利于增加越冬至抽穗期土壤蓄水量,降低开花期、成熟期土壤蓄水量,增强小麦抗旱性,提高籽粒蛋白质及其组分含量、谷醇比、蛋白质产量.     

雨季高尔夫球场周围地表水特征分析

以一家营业近20年的高尔夫球场为研究对象,采用试验法、对比分析法及单因子污染指数法,分析雨季高尔夫球场周围地表水水质特征。研究表明:雨季,球场两个内湖水的总氯、氨氮、总磷均大于农田沟渠水;与国家地表水环境质量Ⅲ类、Ⅱ类水质限值相比,球场内外水体所含的总磷未超标;球场内湖水Hg,Cr超标,球场外围水只有球场出水口处Hg超标。球场内外水体农残未检出。     

习近平同志关于向海经济的重要论述与实践研究

南海是金枪鱼类的重要分布区,开展南海金枪鱼类养殖潜在适宜区选划研究具有重要意义。南海金枪鱼类的主要种类为黄鳍金枪鱼 (Thunnus albacares) 和鲣 (Katsuwonus pelamis),根据其物种出现点以及7种南海环境数据,采用最大熵 (Maximum Entropy, MaxEnt) 模型定量评估了南海黄鳍金枪鱼和鲣的潜在养殖适宜性指数。结果表明：1) 模型受试者工作特征曲线的下面值均大于0.848,表明模型准确度良好,可用于模拟金枪鱼类养殖潜在适宜区的分布;2) 表层溶解氧、表层水温、底层水温、底层盐度是影响南海黄鳍金枪鱼和鲣养殖适宜栖息地分布的重要环境因子。其中,黄鳍金枪鱼的最适宜范围为：表层溶解氧浓度201.52~242.68 mol·m⁻³、底层水温1.96~32.61 ℃、底层盐度34.37‰~35.26‰;鲣的最适宜范围为：表层溶解氧浓度200.83~208.35 mol·m⁻³、表层水温19.71~28.96 ℃、底层盐度34.30‰~35.26‰;3) 黄鳍金枪鱼和鲣的养殖潜在高适宜分布区域较为集中,黄鳍金枪鱼主要集中在东沙渔场、南沙中部渔场以及南沙中西部渔场的东北部,鲣主要集中在台湾南部渔场的中西部以及东沙渔场。

     

Using best-worst scaling to reveal preferences for retrofitting raingardens in suburban streets

Raingardens are increasingly common in sustainable stormwater management in cities around the world. Implementing raingardens will change the appearance of conventional urban streetscapes and this is especially important when retrofitting raingardens into existing streets. Raingardens need to fulfil both technical and aesthetic functions. Aesthetic function, assessed as landscape preference, must be understood to ensure that retrofitted raingardens are appropriately designed and managed. Scholars have long adopted a Likert rating scale- to determine landscape preference. Limitations of this method led market researchers to develop choice-based ranking, including best-worst scaling, to assess preference. Thus, this study uses best-worst scaling to assess landscape preference by residents for pairs of streetscapes with and without raingardens in four suburbs of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. These preference data, and attitudes towards raingardens, stormwater harvesting and own streetscapes, inform guidelines for design and management of retrofitted raingardens. Findings revealed respondents’ overwhelming support for harvesting and reuse of stormwater, though support for fit-for-purpose stormwater reuse decreased as personal proximity increased. While attitudes towards raingardens were positive and most respondents liked the raingardens in their own street, less than one-quarter helped to maintain them. Across all respondents, maintenance of raingardens in streetscapes was regarded as the responsibility of local government. Nevertheless, many would install raingardens in their own property. Overall, streetscapes with raingardens were preferred to those without. Residency in a street with or without raingardens did not influence preference, however, residency in a particular street did. Indeed, context was important: preference for one’s own streetscape varied statistically significantly between residents of inner- and outer-Melbourne suburbs. Drawing on these results, four guidelines for design and management of retrofitted raingardens are proposed: 1. Understand context; 2. Consider how the street is used; 3. Select appropriate plants and planting style; 4. Ensure adequate maintenance.     

Current Knowledge of Equine Water Treadmill Exercise: What Can We Learn From Human and Canine Studies?

Equine water treadmills (WTs) are increasingly being found in research and therapy centers and private competition yards. However, the programs incorporating WT exercise for training and rehabilitation of horses are mainly based on anecdotal evidence due to the lack of scientific evidence available. This review aims to evaluate what is currently known about WT exercise for horses drawing on what is known from human and canine investigations. Studies of WT exercise have demonstrated that water depth, temperature, and speed have a significant effect on physiological responses in humans. The physiological studies in horses show many similarities to human responses with much evidence demonstrating that WT exercise is an aerobic form of exercise which does not appear to induce improvement in aerobic capacity when used within training programs. Equine and canine studies have shown that water depth can have a significant effect on the biomechanical responses to WT exercise, but little is known about the effect of different speeds at the various water depths. Key areas we would recommend for future research are as follows: how combinations of water depth and speed alter equine biomechanics compared to overland exercise, determination of long-term benefits of WT exercise, and how to use WT for rehabilitation for horses with specific injury.