西南“旱三熟”地区不同保护性耕作措施对农田土壤生态效应及生产效益的影响

针对我国西南地区旱作农田土层浅薄、水土流失严重、季节性干旱多发等问题,以常规平作(T)、垄作(R)、平作+秸秆覆盖(TS)、垄作+秸秆覆盖(RS)、平作+秸秆覆盖+腐熟剂(TSD)、垄作+秸秆覆盖+腐熟剂(RSD) 6种措施作为处理,连续2年进行大田对比试验,研究不同保护性耕作措施对西南“旱三熟”种植区农田土壤生态要素、产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明, 保护性耕作措施可以有效地改善土壤有机质和养分状况,且对酸性土壤有一定的改良作用,其中有秸秆覆盖的4个处理显著增加了土壤有机质、全氮、全钾、碱解氮含量;可改善土壤水分状况,增强作物的抗旱节水能力,各处理0~80 cm土层2年平均贮水量排序为：RSD (258.82 mm) > TSD (252.40 mm) > RS (250.19 mm) > TS (246.66 mm) > R (239.19 mm) > T (235.87 mm);可降低7月份表层土壤温度,缓解夏季高温对玉米后期生长发育造成的伤害,其中有秸秆覆盖的4个处理对5 cm和10 cm土层温度有显著降低效应;可抑制杂草生长,具有良好的控草效应,其中TS、RS、TSD、RSD处理的杂草高度、密度和生物量均比T和R有极显著下降;可促进蚯蚓的繁殖和生长,使农田生态环境得到明显改善。总体来看,秸秆覆盖措施可以改善土壤肥力,并具有增加土壤贮水、调节土壤温度、控制农田杂草和促进蚯蚓生长的作用,垄作和腐熟剂在增加土壤贮水方面有明显效果。保护性耕作模式显著提高了作物的产量和水分利用效率,增加了经济收益。2年系统平均产量和水分利用效率排序为：RSD>RS>TSD>TS>R>T(CK),总产值和纯收入排序为RS>RSD>TSD>R>TS>T(CK)。在各处理中以RSD、RS两种模式的综合效果最好,在西南“旱三熟”种植区具有很好的推广前景。     

黑龙港流域不同滴灌制度下的冬小麦产量和水分利用效率

针对华北黑龙港流域冬小麦–夏玉米种植制度中冬小麦灌溉水用量过大的问题,以节水和稳产为目标设计了冬小麦滴灌制度定位试验,比较了滴灌与漫灌及不同滴灌模式下的小麦产量和水分利用效率。结果表明,在实验年份的降水条件下,传统灌溉定额和次数(总量225 mm,分1~3次灌溉)的滴灌与漫灌处理的小麦产量和水分利用效率差异均不显著;在两年降水特点不同的情况下,滴灌量比对照减少45~105 mm的处理产量下降不显著,水分利用效率显著提高。相关分析结果表明,对产量的贡献表现为穗粒数>千粒重>穗数。研究结果初步表明,冬小麦滴灌技术在黑龙港流域具有节水稳产的潜力。     

Relationship between browning and related enzymes (PAL, PPO and POD) in rambutan fruit (Nephelium lappaceum Linn.) cvs. Rongrien and See-Chompoo

Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum Linn.) fruit cvs. Rongrien and See-Chompoo were stored in low (60–70%) and high (85–95%) relative humidity (RH) environments at 25 °C for 6 d. Changes in weight loss, browning index, phenols content and activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD) were measured. By d 6 of storage, browning was severe in the spinterns but slight in the peel of both cultivars. High RH delayed spintern browning but had only a small effect on peel browning. The phenols content and PAL activity in peel from both cultivars were generally higher than in the spinterns. RH had no effect on the changes in phenols during storage but PAL activity increased in the peel but not spinterns of both cultivars at d 4 of storage in low RH. The initial activities of PPO and POD in spinterns of both cultivars were higher than in peel. PPO activity in the spinterns of both cultivars was similar and was not affected by RH. The initial activity of POD was lower in the peel and the spinterns of Rongrien fruit but there were no clear responses to RH during storage. Higher activities of PPO and POD in the spinterns compared to the peel may also be a factor in the higher rates of browning of the spinterns.     

Short-term water management at early filling stage improves early-season rice performance under high temperature stress in South China

Asymmetric warming and frequent temperature extremes are the consequences of climate change that are affecting crop growth and productivity over the globe while heat stress at early filling stage is of serious concern for the early-season rice in double cropping rice system of South China. In present study we assessed different short-term water management strategies to cope with the high temperature at early filling stage in rice. Water was applied as flood irrigation at two various depths i.e., 4–5 cm (I1) and 5–10 cm (I2) during 9:00–18:00 and then drained off at 18:00 as well as applied over-head during different time spans i.e., over-head sprinkle irrigation during 11:00–12:00, 13:00–14:00 and 14:00–15:00 at 60–80% relative humidity (RH) at early filling stage and regarded as S1, S2 and S3, respectively. A control was maintained with the maintenance of 1 cm water layer as normal farmer practice of this region. A fragrant rice cultivar, ‘Yuxiangyouzhan’ in early March (regarded as early season rice) in both 2014–15 and the effectiveness of different water management strategies were measured by estimating physio-biochemical responses, photosynthesis, yield and quality of rice exposed to high temperature stress at early filling stage. Our results showed that water treatments lowered lipid peroxidation (in terms of reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) contents) whilst proline and protein contents were affected differently. The water treatments also regulated the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), nevertheless, improved plant photosynthesis and gas exchange, rice yield and quality attributes considerably by lowering severity of canopy temperatures than control (CK). On average, both flood and sprinkler water application were proved effective against high temperature stress, nonetheless, flood irrigated treatments were remained more effective than sprinkler which provided 26.58 and 43.63% higher grain yields in 2014–15, respectively than CK. On average, 5.58 and 11.92% higher grain yields were recorded in flood irrigation than sprinkler irrigation whereas among individual water application treatments, I1 was noted as the most effective regarding grain yield of rice (26.76 and 49.35% higher yield than CK) in both years which suggests that maintenance of 4–5 cm water layer might be helpful for the rice to withstand against high temperature stress at post heading and/or early filling stage in early-season rice production in South China.     

不同水分条件对小麦-玉米两熟制作物生长和水分利用的影响

为探明不同水分条件对小麦-玉米两熟制水分利用的影响,通过秸秆覆盖和施用保水剂等水分调控措施,进行了不同灌水量对小麦、玉米生长发育和产量、土壤水分及水分利用等方面的影响研究。结果表明:合理灌水有益小麦群体发育,提高成穗数量、株高、穗粒数和千粒重,从而促进小麦增产,其中以补充灌水1 200 m3/hm2效果最佳,增产11.83%;但过多灌水反而影响小麦产量,补充灌水2 400 m3/hm2减产1%,并影响玉米产量。小麦灌水处理的玉米分别比对照增产7.31%~16.15%,其中补充灌水1 800 m3/hm2增产效果最佳,增产16.15%。夏秋两季作物产量结果表明,河南省中产灌区在秸秆覆盖和施用保水剂的情况下,小麦-玉米两熟制最佳补充灌溉量为1 200~1 800m3/hm2。土壤含水量动态变化表明,秸秆覆盖与保水剂相结合,并进行适量补充灌水有利于改善和补偿土壤水分,而且有影响全年作物生长的趋势。玉米收获后,土壤有效养分和有机质有所下降,表明种植夏玉米应追施适量磷、钾肥,同时加大夏季作物秸秆的还田量,以提高土壤有机质。     

鄱阳湖水位特征与湿地生态保护

从分析江湖关系入手，研究鄱阳湖的水位及湿地生态特征，并提出人工控湖等加强湿地生态保护的对策建议。     

6种野生灌木的抗旱性研究

对胡颓子(Elaeagnus bockii Diels)、三颗针(Berberis julianaeSchneid)、金丝梅(Hypericum patulum Thumb)、十大功劳(Mahonia fortunei(Bindl)Fedde)、刺梨(Rosa roxburghii Trau)和火棘(Pyracantha fortuneana(Maxim)Li.)等6种野生灌木采取盆栽控水方式进行了水分胁迫,测定了各树种抗旱性的主要生理指标,并采用隶属函数法对6个树种进行综合评定,结果表明:叶片相对水分亏缺、保水力、脯氨酸含量、可溶性糖含量、丙二醛含量、相对电导率、叶绿素含量等是影响树种抗旱性的主要生理指标;6个树种的抗旱性强弱为三颗针>胡颓子>火棘>十大功劳>刺梨>金丝梅。     

Farmlink: promoting conservation buffers farmer-to-farmer

Farmer-to-farmer outreach was used within a targeted watershed to promote the installation of conservation buffers. In this program called “FarmLink”, four farmers/landowners were employed part-time as “advisors” and trained by University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension, Natural Resources Conservation Service, and Natural Resources District personnel. Topics included basic buffer design and benefits, availability of incentive programs, and sales techniques. These individuals then contacted their neighbors to explain the need for and benefits of buffers and other conservation practices. In early 2003, 42 landowners were contacted, leading to contracts for the establishment of 16 separate conservation practices on 24.8 ha (61.3 acres) of farmland. These included just over 8 ha (20 acres) of grassed waterways or similar plantings and 14 ha (35 acres) of streamside buffers. In addition, because of information received in the training sessions, one of the advisors installed 1.7 ha (4.3 acres) of streamside buffers, 0.45 ha (1.1 acres) of grassed waterways, and 2.0 ha (5.0 acres) of grasses and forbs on his own land. During these contacts, it became apparent that: (1) many farmers and landowners were not familiar with the multitude of programs available to assist with the installation and maintenance of conservation practices; and (2) landowners generally appreciated the personal touch of someone coming out to talk directly to them, pointing out specific areas on their land where conservation practices could best be implemented, discussing available compensation programs, and describing management needed to help ensure practice success. Although one-to-one contacts cannot be used in all cases, it was demonstrated to be effective in this watershed.     

Dynamic riparian buffer widths from potential non-point source pollution areas in forested watersheds

Efforts to manage National Forests in the USA for wood production, while protecting water quality, are currently constrained by models that do not address the temporal dynamics of variable non-point source (NPS) areas. NPS areas are diffuse sources of contaminants contributed mostly by runoff as a result of different land use activities. Riparian vegetative buffers are often used to control contaminants from NPS areas but defining suitable widths require different policy considerations. In this study, the approach for defining suitable buffer widths is to apply a distributed process-based model that predicts potential NPS areas prone to generating runoff in relation to overland flow distances. A case study of the concept was applied to the 72 km² Pete King watershed located in the Clearwater National Forest (CNF) in central Idaho, USA. This grid modeling approach is based on a Geographic Information System (GIS) and it integrates the soil moisture routing (SMR) model with probabilistic analysis. The SMR model is a daily water balance model that simulates the hydrology of forested watersheds using real or stochastically generated climate data, a digital elevation model, soil, and land use data. The probabilistic analysis incorporates the variability of soil depth and accounts for uncertainties associated with the prediction of NPS areas using Monte Carlo simulation. A 1-year simulation for the case study location was performed to examine the spatial and temporal changes in NPS areas prone to generating runoff. The results of the simulation indicate that the seasonal variability of saturated areas determines the spatial dynamics of the potential NPS pollution. Use of this model for the design of riparian buffer widths would increase the effectiveness of decision-making in forest management and planning by mapping or delineating NPS areas likely to transport contaminants to perennial surface water bodies.     

Dry matter production and allocation in Eucalyptus cloeziana and Eucalyptus argophloia seedlings in response to soil water deficits

Effects of soil water availability on seedling growth, dry matter production and allocation were determined for Gympie (humid coastal) and Hungry Hills (dry inland) provenances of Eucalyptus cloeziana F. Muell. and for E. argophloia Blakely (dry inland) species. Seven-month-old seedlings were subjected to well-watered (100% field capacity, FC), moderate (70% FC) and severe (50% FC) soil water regimes in a glasshouse environment for 14 wk. There were significant differences in seedling growth, biomass production and allocation patterns between species. E. argophloia produced twice as much biomass at 100% FC, and more than three times as much at 70% and 50% FC than did either E. cloeziana provenance. Although the humid provenance of E. cloeziana had a greater leaf area at 100% FC conditions than did the dry provenance, total biomass production did not differ significantly. Both E. cloeziana provenances were highly sensitive to water deficits. E. argophloia allocated 10% more biomass to roots than did E. cloeziana. Allometric analyses indicated that relative biomass allocation patterns were significantly affected by genotype but not by soil water availability. These results have implications for taxon selection for cultivation in humid and subhumid regions.