甜樱桃果蝇发生与防治的研究进展

近年来,我国甜樱桃受到果蝇危害逐年加重,导致甜樱桃质量和效益下降。该文对危害甜樱桃的果蝇在种类、生活习性、发生规律及防治等方面的研究进行了综述,旨在帮助甜樱桃种植者认识和掌握甜樱桃果蝇的发生规律及防治技术,保障甜樱桃生产获得高效益。     

黑马铃薯在吉林省农科院经植所引种试验报告

在吉林省农业科学院经济植物研究所,通过3年黑马铃薯引种比较试验,从丰产性、稳产性、适应性和商品性等方面进行分析。结果表明:黑美人杂-5品系的产量较高,属高产稳产型品系,比对照黑土豆增产26.79%,且薯型好,食味佳,抗病性强,适合本地区及相同生态类型地区示范种植。     

保水专用肥对甘薯产量和品质的影响

通过田间小区试验研究了保水专用肥对甘薯产量和品质的影响。结果表明:保水专用肥可促进甘薯营养器官的生长,增加蔓长和主茎分枝数;与施肥对照相比(N6P5K10),三种保水专用肥处理的鲜薯和薯干产量均表现增产,以保水专用肥1的增产幅度最大,分别比施肥对照增产23.15%和29.33%;保水专用肥可促进前中期可溶性糖的积累和后期向淀粉的转变,收获期三种保水专用肥处理的淀粉含量均高于施肥对照;三种保水专用肥处理的直链淀粉含量均高于空白对照和施肥对照,以保水专用肥1、3的效果佳,其直链淀粉含量分别比对照提高14.57%和15.14%,比施肥对照提高9.07%和9.61%。     

不同药剂与包扎方式对甜樱桃伤口流胶的影响

选树龄、树势、品种一致的甜樱桃树。对流胶病株人工刮除病斑,分别喷真菌性杀菌剂、细菌性杀菌剂和不喷药3种处理,同时对伤口采取密封式、透气式包扎和不包扎3种方式,对健株机械造伤并采取同样方式处理。结果表明,对健株机械损伤只造成少量植株伤口流胶,而且胶质很快便会干燥、止住,伤口自动愈合。对已流胶病株刮除病斑造成的伤口,易流胶而且不易止住,伤口愈合不好。在不同处理方式中,对伤口喷洒新灵和农用链霉素效果均不明显,透气性包扎效果较好,密封式包扎会增加流胶树伤口的流胶比例和流胶量,妨碍伤口愈合。     

十堰市甘薯引种试验初报

十堰市于2014年引进了4个甘薯品种进行比较试验,通过采用随机区组设计,以徐薯18为对照,研究不同品种的植株地上部性状、块根性状、鲜薯产量等。结果表明,鄂薯6号鲜薯产量高,达3554.5kg/667m2,比对照增产8%,可以作为高淀粉含量的加工型品种在十堰市推广种植。     

不同甘薯品种农艺性状及营养成分差异

在同一生态条件下,甘薯品种龙薯13号等6个品种的农艺性状和营养成分存在较大差异。龙薯15号的鲜薯产量最高,达3 235.3kg/667m2,比金山57（ck）高12.03%,但薯干和淀粉产量都最低;龙薯24号鲜薯产量最低,为2 395kg/667m2,但薯干和淀粉产量都最高,分别为792.75和537.27kg/667m2。龙薯14号和龙薯24号的食味很好,其他4个品种食味差别不大。龙薯24号的干物率、蛋白质、蔗糖、维生素C、总磷、钾的含量在6个品种中都最高。龙薯21号的氨基酸含量最高,龙薯13号还原糖含量最高,龙薯14号铁的含量最高。本研究结果可以为甘薯品种利用和新品种选育提供参考。     

Effect of Introducing Nematode-Resistant Sweet Potato Cultivars on Crop Productivity and Nematode Density in Sweet Potato-Radish Double-Cropping Systems

Abstract

The root-knot nematode (RKN) is a significant pest in upland farming. We studied the effects of introducing nematode-resistant sweet potato cultivars on crop yield, crop quality, and RKN population dynamics in sweet potato-radish double-cropping systems. Three cropping systems with and without nematicide treatment (6 systems in total) were arranged for a 4-yr field experiment from 2003 to 2006. In two nematode-suppressive cropping systems, highly nematode-resistant J-red, (J) or Sunny red (S) and moderately nematode-resistant Kyushu No. 139 (K139) or Murasakimasari (M) sweet potato cultivars were cropped in alternate years beginning with the former and the latter, and in the non-nematode-suppressive cropping system, nematode-susceptible Kokei No. 14 (K14) and M were cropped in alternate years beginning with the former, from 2003 to 2005. In all cropping systems, K14 was cropped in 2006 to estimate the nematode-suppressive effect of the preceding 3-yr cropping. Introduction of J and S to the cropping system decreased the number of RKNs. In 2006, the extent of injury of K14 was decreased in nematode-suppressive cropping systems. The RKN population density, however, recovered during the cropping of K14 even after cropping of J or S or after nematicide treatment. This suggests that the effects of these measures last for only 1 yr. Nematode injury in radish decreased after nematicide treatment and after cropping of highly nematode-resistant J or S. These results indicate that the introduction of nematode-resistant sweet potato cultivars in cropping systems is effective for reduction of agrochemical use for sustainable agriculture.     

Germplasm Enhancement and Breeding Strategies for Crop Quality in Japan

Abstract

Rice is the staple food for most Asians. Breeding efforts at the national and international levels have resulted in high-yielding varieties with resistance/tolerance to biotic and abiotic constraints. Consequently Asia has enjoyed rice self-sufficiency in recent years. Now in some countries over-production of rice has occurred, partly because of reduced rice consumption. For instance, in 1962 Japan had a per capita rice consumption of 118.3 kg and then this rapidly declined to about 60kg in 2003. Imbalances between production and consumption in rice and other crops have promoted a paradigm shift of breeding objectives oriented from producers to consumers. Germplasm enhancement (pre-breeding) and breeding strategies now focus on a broad range of crop and food qualities, which are closely associated with industrial and processing properties and human health and nutrition. In particular, physiological functions of chemical compounds involved in crop products are being studied as a part of breeding programs. Diverse plant genetic resources and advances in plant genome research have contributed to successful breeding strategies to improve and manage crop and food quality. Recent progress in germplasm enhancement and breeding strategies for quality improvement of rice, wheat, soybean and sweet potato in Japan is discussed.     

Evaluation of insecticides for the control of the green vegetable bug,Nezara viridula (L.) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), on sweet corn,Zea mays (L.), in New Zealand

The efficacy of insecticides for the control of Nezara viridula (L.) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), the green vegetable bug, was tested in laboratory and field trials. Bioassays of 11 insecticides against field-collected adults were used to select two insecticides for a field experiment conducted in a process sweet corn crop, Zea mays (L.) (cv. Punch), near Tolaga Bay on the east coast of the North Island, New Zealand. Lambda-cyhalothrin (as 200 ml Karate®/100 litres water ha m 1 ) and methamidophos (as 1 litre Tamaron TM /100 litres water ha m 1 ) were tested against a water control. Both insecticides demonstrated efficacy, with respective mortality rates of 87 and 83% compared with 2% in the control. Green vegetable bug flew into the experimental crop in large numbers over 48 h before the start of the trial. Damage thresholds were exceeded in two of the three control plots within 7 days of the green vegetable bug first invading the crop, leaving only a very small 'window' for insecticide application. Success or otherwise of these insecticides is therefore likely to be dependent on the timing of application as well as on the efficacy of the products themselves.     

Field trial on the effects of the herbicide MCPA on ixodid ticks

Abstract

Studies were conducted to develop a pheromone‐trap monitoring system for the sweet potato weevil, Cylas formicarius (Fabricius), in sweet potato, Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam., fields in four states: Florida, Louisiana, North Carolina, and Texas. The present studies examined the attractiveness of sex pheromone synthesized by two sources (USDA and AgriSense) and pheromone of different purities (75–99%) to weevils in the field. In all but one trial, weevil counts did not differ between traps baited with pheromone from the two sources for each of two doses (10 and 100 μg). Percentages of weevils caught per replicate per sample date were not consistently positively correlated with purity (significant in four of 10 trials); however, slope estimates were steeper in regions with lower trap counts (North Carolina and Louisiana) than in those with higher trap counts (Florida). Because the pheromone will be used to monitor weevils In both weevil‐free and weevil‐infested regions, the use of pheromone with a purity level >99% is most appropriate. The importance of these data in pheromone‐trap monitoring programmes for this weevil worldwide is discussed.