甜菜夜蛾优良球孢白僵菌菌株的筛选

测定初筛获得的6个球孢白僵菌菌株的毒力、产孢量、萌发率、胞外蛋白酶活性及菌株生长速度等多个生物、生态学指标,从专业角度构建最优序列,经灰色分析和不同菌株毒力效价显著性比较,筛选出了两株具有较大生产潜力的优良菌株BD-B015和BD-B038,对甜菜夜蛾的校正死亡率分别为88.33%和86.70%,僵虫率分别为86.67%和85.27%。     

应用不同分子标记鉴别入侵广州草地贪夜蛾的寄主型

【目的】利用不同分子标记对入侵广州的草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda进行寄主型鉴定,以便监测虫源扩散规律以及预测预警虫情。【方法】对采集自广州花都玉米植株的草地贪夜蛾,利用3个COI基因标记COI-A、COI-B和COI-C,以及Tpi基因标记进行鉴定,并对结果进行比较。【结果】序列比对和寄主型分析显示,COI-A、COI-B和COI-C标记鉴定到入侵广州的草地贪夜蛾为已报道的水稻型,且COI-A标记鉴定到草地贪夜蛾与黏虫Mythimna separate的杂合子。基于Tpi基因的标记鉴定到入侵广州的草地贪夜蛾为玉米型,且在第126和第127位碱基为GA/AT杂合。【结论】COI-A标记具有较强的物种鉴别能力,能够鉴定到草地贪夜蛾与其他近源种的杂交事件;Tpi标记可用于鉴定草地贪夜蛾寄主型。2个标记结合相互验证可以提高准确率。开发微卫星标记或者寄主取食功能性基因标记可以实现寄主型的精准鉴定。     

甜菜夜蛾(Spodoptera exigua)自然种群与抗拟除虫菊酯有关的L1014F突变的发现

应用PCR扩增技术，克隆了甜菜夜蛾（Spodoptera exigua)自然种群的部分钠离子通道基因片段，并对其进行了测序。后将推断的氨基酸序列与其它敏感昆虫的相应序列进行了比较，发现了钠离子通道ⅡS6的1014同源位点上存在Leu(CTT)→Phe(TTT)点突变，表明该种群的抗药性可能与击倒抗性（kdr)有关。     

烟田斜纹夜蛾侧沟茧蜂的生物学和生态学研究

对烟田最重要的害虫之一斜纹夜蛾的优势种寄生性天敌———斜纹夜蛾侧沟茧蜂Microplitisprodeniae(Viereck)的生物学特性、田间自然消长及其对斜纹夜蛾的抑制作用进行了初步研究。结果表明 :该蜂田间种群消长一年有两个高峰期 ,第 1个高峰期 4月下旬 ,第 2个高峰期 6月中旬 ,对斜纹夜蛾有较好的控制作用。该蜂在 2 4～ 2 8℃ ,RH75 %～ 85 %下全日均可羽化 ,以凌晨 0 4∶0 0～ 0 6∶0 0时最多 ,羽化率达 3 9.8%。该蜂的羽化与湿度有关 ,相对湿度 75 %以上 ,羽化正常。雌蜂数量明显多于雄蜂 ,其性比雌∶雄平均为 2 .3 0∶1。补充营养及相对湿度对成蜂寿命有显著影响。补充营养能显著延长成蜂寿命 ,以 2 5 %蔗糖液最佳。成蜂寿命与相对湿度成正相关 ,其直线回归方程式为y=13 .75 97+ 0 .15 5lx。从该蜂接蜂至成茧 ,茧至羽化发育历期与湿度关系分别为N =13 4.0 42 6 (T -9.5 2 3 4)和N =84.95 5 8 (T -11.5 965 ) ,各温度下发育历期的理论值与实测值经卡方测验相符 ,即该预测式适用     

光周期对甜菜蛾生长发育状况的影响

在室温 (2 6± 1 )℃、相对湿度 80 % -85 %条件下 ,分别采用 5种不同光周期 (光暗比为 8∶ 1 6、1 0∶ 1 4、1 2∶ 1 2、1 4∶1 0、1 6∶ 8)对甜菜夜蛾各虫态进行处理 .结果表明 ,光暗比 1 2∶ 1 2的光周期 ,各虫态生长发育状况最好 ,幼虫存活率、平均蛹重、蛹羽化率、成虫寿命、产卵量及卵孵化率等都明显优于其它处理 ;其次为光暗比 1 4∶ 1 0的处理 ;而光暗比 8∶ 1 6的处理各虫态发育状况最差 ;随着光照时数的增加 ,幼虫发育历期逐渐缩短     

几种杀虫剂对甜菜夜蛾的毒力

采用点滴法和浸渍法分别测定了15种和9种药剂对甜菜夜蛾4龄幼虫的毒力,比较了不同龄期幼虫对药剂敏感性的差异.结果表明:点滴法测定的15种药剂的毒力大小顺序为虫螨腈>虫酰肼>硫丹>抑太保>溴氰菊酯>灭多威>甲氰菊酯>高效氯氰菊酯>阿维菌素>毒死蜱>氰戊菊酯>功夫菊酯>敌敌畏>乙酰甲胺磷>丙溴磷;浸渍法测定的9种药剂的毒力大小顺序为虫酰肼>溴氰菊酯>灭多威>抑太保>氰戊菊酯>硫丹>敌敌畏>三唑磷>辛硫磷;不同龄期甜菜夜蛾幼虫对药剂的耐药性差异显著,且随着龄期增大,幼虫的耐药性明显增强.     

广西斜纹夜蛾核型多角体病毒的分离鉴定

从广西部分地区采集到自然罹病死亡的疑似具有病毒症状的斜纹夜蛾幼虫，对其进行病毒的分离鉴定。用研磨病虫尸体得到的浆液，经分离纯化后感染连续人工饲养至第三代的健康斜纹夜蛾三龄幼虫，部分样品能诱发病毒病症状。经差速离心的提纯物，在相差显微镜下观察到外形不规则的颗粒，进一步在电镜下观察到菱形、五边型、六边形、近似圆形等形状的多角体。用依据SpltNFV DNA的egt基因保守序列设计的引物，对多角体中提取的DNA进行PCR扩增，得到了与预期一致的380bp片段。经测序分析，该PCR片段与Splt NPV egt基因在核苷酸水平上的同源性为99．4％，演绎的氨基酸水平上的同源性为100％。进一步对采自广西16个地域的疑似具有病毒症状的200份斜纹夜蛾幼虫样本进行PCR扩增，其中6个地域的62份样本呈PCR阳性，这表明，广西斜纹夜蛾自然种群中存在着SpltNPV的流行。     

Insecticidal and fungicidal activity of new synthesized chitosan derivatives

Chitosan, the N-deacetylated derivative of chitin, is a potential biopolysaccharide owing to its specific structure and properties. In this paper, we report on the synthesis of 24 new chitosan derivatives, N-alkyl chitosans (NAC) and N-benzyl chitosans (NBC), that are soluble in dilute aqueous acetic acid. The different derivatives were synthesized by reductive amination and analyzed by 1H NMR spectroscopy. A high degree of substitution (DS) was obtained with N-(butyl)chitosan (DS 0.36) at a 1:1 mole ratio for NAC derivatives and N-(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)chitosan (DS 0.52) for NBC derivatives. Their insecticidal and fungicidal activities were tested against larvae of the cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), the grey mould Botrytis cinerea Pers (Leotiales: Sclerotiniaceae) and the rice leaf blast Pyricularia grisea Cavara (Teleomorph: Magnaporthe grisea (Hebert) Barr). The oral feeding bioassay indicated that all the derivatives had significant insecticidal activity at 5 g kg(-1) in artificial diet. The most active was N-(2-chloro-6-fluorobenzyl)chitosan, which caused 100% mortality at 0.625 g kg(-1), with an estimated LC50 of 0.32 g kg(-1). Treated larvae ceased feeding after 2-3 days; the mechanism of action remains unknown. In a radial hyphal growth bioassay with both plant pathogens, all derivatives showed a higher fungicidal action than chitosan. N-Dodecylchitosan, N-(p-isopropylbenzyl)chitosan and N-(2,6-dichlorobenzyl)chitosan were the most active against B cinerea, with EC50 values of 0.57, 0.57 and 0.52 g litre(-1), respectively. Against P grisea, N-(m-nitrobenzyl)chitosan was the most active, with 77% inhibition at 5 g litre(-1). The effect of different substitutions is discussed in relation to insecticidal and fungicidal activity.     

Effect of dihydrodillapiole on pyrethroid resistance associated esterase inhibition in an Indian population of Spodoptera litura (Fabricius)

Resistance in Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) has been attributed to enhanced detoxification of insecticides by increased levels of esterases, oxidases and/or glutathione S-transferases. Enzyme inhibiting insecticide synergists can be employed to counter increased levels of such enzymes in S. litura. Dihydrodillapiole induced synergism of pyrethroid toxicity was examined in the laboratory-reared third instar larval population of S. litura collected in Delhi (susceptible), and Guntur (resistant) region of Andhra Pradesh, India. The Guntur population was found to be 7.04 and 10.19 times resistant to cypermethrin and lambdacyhalothrin, respectively. The activity of cypermethrin, lambdacyhalothrin and profenophos against susceptible and resistance populations of S. litura, was gradually increased when used along with a plant-derived insecticide synergist dihydrodillapiole. The α-naphthyl acetate hydrolysable esterase activity in Delhi population was less as compared to the Guntur population. Resistance associated esterases in Delhi population were inhibited by pre-treatment with dihydrodillapiole. The esterase level in insect was instantly reduced initially, sustained for about 3 h and equilibrated at 4 h post treatment. The esterase activity of Guntur population was increased to 1.28 μmoles/mg/min at 2 h post treatment and subsequently reduced to lower than 0.70 μmoles at 4-12 h post treatment. The variation in esterase activity is suggestive of its homeostatic regulation in test populations. Dihydrodillapiole thus caused significant reduction of resistance in S. litura to cypermethrin, lambda cyhalothrin and profenophos.     

Fitness cost, cross resistance and realized heritability of resistance to imidacloprid in Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Imidacloprid has been used as a key insecticide for controlling sucking insect pests of cotton, whereas Spodoptera litura also has been indirectly exposed to this insecticide in Pakistan. To evaluate the risk of resistance evolution and to develop a better resistance management strategy, a field collected population was selected with imidacloprid in the laboratory. Thereafter, fitness cost, realized heritability and cross resistance of imidacloprid resistance in S. litura were investigated. After 14 generations of selection with imidacloprid, S. litura developed a 137.48-fold resistance to the insecticide. Bioassay revealed that this strain showed cross-resistance to acetamiprid (RR 8.52) and a little to lamdacyhalothrin (1.92) but negative cross-resistance was found to methomyl (−0.19). The resistant strain had a relative fitness of 0.38, with substantially lower rates of larval survival, larval duration, male pupal duration, development time, emergence rate of healthy adults, fecundity, hatchability, and prolonged larval and pupal duration. Mean relative growth rate of the larvae, intrinsic rate of population increase, and biotic potential was lower for the selected populations. The estimated realized heritability (h²) of imidacloprid resistance was 0.15 in the resistant strain of S. litura. Development of the resistance may cost significant fitness for the resistant population. This study provided valuable information for further understanding the impact of imidacloprid resistance on physiological parameters of S. litura and for facilitating the development of resistance management strategies.