药剂对黄瓜白粉病菌的生物活性测定方法比较

采用叶圆片法、子叶法和改进的叶圆片法测定了虎杖(Polygonumcuspidatum眼Sieb.etZucc.演)的提取物P3D和三唑酮对黄瓜白粉病菌(Sphaerothecafuliginea)的生物活性。结果表明3种方法均能有效测定药剂对黄瓜白粉菌的生物活性熏改进的叶圆片法兼有叶圆片法和子叶法的优点,且操作简便易行,调查结果客观。     

Race identification in powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca fuliginea) on melon (Cucumis melo) in Japan

Powdery mildew fungi isolated from single lesions on leaves of susceptible melon genotypes during semi-forcing and late-raising cultivation in Japan were tested. All 80 of the isolated strains were identified as Sphaerotheca fuliginea. The dominant fungus races found during semiforcing cultivation were race 5 in March (100%) and race 1 in May (100%), and race 1 (80%) during late-raising cultivation. Although the frequencies were quite low (13% in late August, but no isolation earlier in the season), two new races of S. fuliginea, which could not be identified by the differential genotypes, appeared during late-raising cultivation. These results suggest that the resistance gene to races 1 and 5 of S. fuliginea should be introduced into the breeding materials in Japan.     

Effects of temperature on the latent period of the rose powdery mildew pathogen, Sphaerotheca pannosa

The effects of temperature on the length of the latent period of rose powdery mildew, caused by Sphaerotheca pannosa var . rosae , were studied. At constant temperatures over the range of 10–28°C, the length of the latent period ranged from 4 to 10 days. The relationship between temperature and the rate of fungal development during the latent period (expressed as the reciprocal of the latent period) was described by a nonlinear (thermodynamic) model. The resulting curve was asymmetrically bell-shaped with an optimum temperature of about 22°C. The latent period was further subdivided into two periods: incubation period (from inoculation to visible colonies) and postincubation period (from visible colonies to the first sign of conidiophores). The relationship between temperature and the rate of fungal development during the incubation period (expressed as the reciprocal of the incubation period) was also well described by a thermodynamic model. In contrast, the relationship between temperature and the rate of fungal development during the postincubation period (expressed as the reciprocal of the postincubation period) was approximately linear. The latent period under fluctuating temperatures was predicted using a two-stage integration scheme at a step of 24 min by first integrating the incubation rate and then the postincubation rate. The predicted length of the latent period agreed well with the observed values.     

Prior Inoculation with Non-pathogenic Fungi Induces Systemic Resistance to Powdery Mildew On Cucumber Plants

A spray inoculation of the first leaf of 2-leaf stage cucumber plants with a non-pathogenic isolate of Alternaria cucumarina or Cladosporium fulvum before a challenge inoculation with the pathogen Sphaerotheca fuliginea induced systemic resistance to powdery mildew on leaves 2–5. Systemic resistance was expressed by a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in the number of powdery mildew colonies produced on each leaf of the induced plants, as compared with water-sprayed plants. Systemic resistance was evident when a prior inoculation with each of the inducing fungi was administered 1, 3 or 6 days before the challenge inoculation with S. fuliginea. Increasing the inoculum concentration of A. cucumarina or C. fulvum enhanced the systemic protection and provided up to 71.6% or 80.0% reduction, respectively, in the number of colonies produced on upper leaves, relative to controls. Increasing the inoculum concentration of S. fuliginea used for challenge inoculation, increased the number of powdery mildew colonies produced on both induced and non-induced plants. Pre-treated plants, however, were still better protected than controls, indicating that the level of systemic protection was related to the S. fuliginea inoculum concentration. The induction of systemic resistance against powdery mildew by biotic agents, facilitates the development of a wide range of disease management tools.     

环境条件对月季白粉菌的影响

在无菌条件下，研究了月季白粉菌分生孢子萌发与温度、湿度的关系。结果表明：月季白粉病菌分生孢子萌发最适温度为15℃，最低、最高温度分别为4和33℃。月季白粉菌分生孢子萌发的最适相对湿度为98％-100％，相对湿度小于93％时萌发率很低．在水滴中的萌发率更低。     

含氮杂环化合物对黄瓜白粉病抗性的诱导作用及其与防御酶系统的关系

 本文研究了11种含氮杂环化合物对黄瓜白粉病抗性的诱导作用,发现不同化合物的诱导效果存在明显差异。这些化合物中只有(E)-4-[2-(4-联苯基)乙烯基]吡啶(BEPy)和O,O'-1,4-亚丁基-4,4'-双[(E)-2-(4-氧苯乙烯基)]吡啶(DPyEPOB)具有明显的诱导效果。它们在诱导处理后第6d的病情指数为31.4和40.4,分别为对照的40.1%和23.1%;第10d的病情指数为34.8和42.2,为对照的38.7%和25.7%。从诱导效果来看,BEPy的诱导效果在诱导处理各时期均强于DPyEPOB;从诱导时间来看,BEPy的诱导效果随时间推移而降低,而DPyEPOB则基本持平。与经典的系统抗性诱导物水杨酸相比,BEPy的诱导效果与之相近,DPyEPOB的诱导效果则较弱。对几种与抗病性相关酶系统研究结果表明,用BEPy诱导处理后,过氧化物酶、苯丙氨酸解氨酶、多酚氧化酶的活性大大提高。前2种酶在处理60h时酶活力达到最高,分别比对照组提高了2.55倍和1.45倍,并且能一直维持至96h,到144h时下降至对照组的水平;多酚氧化酶的活力在处理96h时达到高峰,比对照提高了8.83倍,到144h时稍有下降,但仍是对照组的7.1倍。酶活力的这种变化趋势与水杨酸的变化趋势是一致的,但在升高幅度和持续时间上有差异。本文还讨论了有关酶活力的变化规律与黄瓜白粉病诱导抗性的关系。     

Effect of culture filtrates of seventeen fungicolous fungi on sporulation of cucumber powdery mildew

Culture filtrates of 17 different fungal species thriving upon other fungi were tested for their ability to reduce sporulation of cucumber powdery mildew,Sphaerotheca fuliginea.All culture filtrates reduced the number of healthy conidiophores. However, the differences in activity between the various treatments were not as conspicuous as after application of spore suspensions. The best results were obtained with culture filtrates ofCalcarisporium arbuscula. These reduced the number of healthy conidiophores to ca. 2% of the unsprayed control plants.     

Biological control of foliar pathogens by means of Trichoderma harzianum and potential modes of action

Biocontrol of foliar diseases is an alternative means of management of foliar pathogens. One of the most studied commercial biocontrol agents is isolate T39 of Trichoderma harzianum which can be regarded as a model to demonstrate biocontrol under commercial conditions and the mechanisms involved. This biocontrol agent (BCA) controls the foliar pathogens, Botrytis cinerea, Pseuperonospora cubensis, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Sphaerotheca fusca (syn. S. fuliginea) in cucumber under commercial greenhouse conditions. Control efficacy was similar for three different rates (covering a fourfold range). Involvement of locally and systemically induced resistance has been demonstrated. Cells of the BCA applied to the roots, and dead cells applied to the leaves of cucumber plants induced control of powdery mildew. The BCA suppressed enzymes of B. cinerea, such as pectinases, cutinase, glucanase and chitinase, through the action of protease secreted on plant surfaces. A combination of several modes of action is responsible for biocontrol. However, biocontrol is not achieved by means of antibiotics or by mycoparasitism, in spite of the fact that BCA has the potential to degrade cell-wall polymers, such as chitin.     

Fusion of sensor data for the detection and differentiation of plant diseases in cucumber

The development of plant diseases is associated with biophysical and biochemical changes in host plants. Various sensor methods have been used and assessed as alternative diagnostic tools under greenhouse conditions. Changes in photosynthetic activity, spectral reflectance and transpiration rate of diseased leaves, inoculated with Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV), and the powdery mildew fungus Sphaerotheca fuliginea were assessed by the use of non‐invasive sensors during disease development. Spatiotemporal changes in leaf temperature related to transpiration were visualized by digital infrared thermography. The maximum temperature difference within a leaf was an appropriate parameter to differentiate between healthy and diseased plants. The photosynthetic activity of healthy and diseased cucumber plants varied as measured by chlorophyll fluorescence and compared to the actual chlorophyll content. Hyperspectral imaging data were analysed using spectral vegetation indices. The results from this study confirm that each pathogen has a characteristic influence on the physiology and vitality of cucumber plants, which can be measured by a combination of non‐invasive sensors. Whereas thermography and chlorophyll fluorescence are unspecific indicators for plant diseases, hyperspectral imaging offers the potential for an identification of plant diseases. In a sensor data fusion approach, an early detection of each pathogen was possible by discriminant analysis. Although it still needs to be validated under real conditions, the combination of information from different sensors seems to be a promising tool.     

草莓品种对白粉病菌抗性的组织病理学研究

以4个生产上主栽草莓品种为试材,采用曲利苯兰透明染色法,系统研究了草莓白粉病菌在不同抗性草莓品种上侵染过程的组织学特征。结果表明,草莓白粉病菌的侵染过程可分为：分生孢子萌发、附着胞形成、侵入寄主产生吸器、菌丝扩展和分生孢子链产生。而草莓不同品种对白粉菌的抗性表现在附着胞产生后的各侵染阶段,随品种抗病性增强,病菌侵入率降低,吸器数目减少,菌丝扩展缓慢,分生孢子数目减少。