基于GIS技术的山西省高粱种植气候区划研究

为合理利用气候资源和调整高粱种植品种,利用山西省109个气象观测站1981—2012年标准气候统计资料,建立山西省高粱种植气候区划因子与地理信息的回归模型,确定了山西省高粱种植综合气候区划指标,并利用GIS技术将山西省高粱种植区域划分为早熟、中早熟、中晚熟和晚熟区。分区结果较传统气候区划更直观和精细,为发展高粱产业提供重要技术支撑。     

高粱SSR和EST-SSR标记在割手密中的通用性分析

目前, 割手密中开发的分子标记有限, 为增加其分子标记数量, 本研究对高粱分子标记在割手密中的通用性进行分析。选用高粱的 29对基因组 SSR标记和 20对 EST-SSR标记在割手密种质 GSM39中进行筛选, 以评价其通用性。进一步利用 14份割手密材料评价标记的多态性和遗传多样性。结果显示： 70%的 EST-SSR引物在割手密中得到成功扩增, 可用的 EST-SSR引物中多态性比率占 50%。SSR引物在割手密中的通用性比率只有 34.5%, 但多态性比率为 70%。14对多态性引物在 14份割手密中共检测到33个等位基因, 平均观测等位基因数为2.4286, 平均有效等位基因数为1.7, 平均观测表观杂合度为0.544, 平均期望杂合度为 0.3858, Nei’ s基因多样性指数平均值为 0.3716。结果表明, EST-SSR引物的通用性高于 SSR引物, 但 SSR引物的多态性更高。这对割手密遗传多样性研究和比较基因组学研究具有重要意义。     

山西省晋中区域高粱蚜虫种群演变消长原因探析

根据近十多年来对晋中区域高粱蚜虫、天敌的发生消长资料以及结合气象同期资料结果分析,高粱蚜虫种群演变、发生程度、危害历期不仅与温度、湿度、降雨和天敌数量有直接关系,引发高粱蚜种群演变还与作物布局和高粱种植面积有着密切的关系。     

Effect of moisture stress on Nitrate Reductase Activity (NRA) in PEA (Pisum sativum L.) [C3] and sorghum (Sorghum vulgare Pers.) [C4] plants

Nitrate reductase activity (NRA) was studied in pea, a C₃ plant, and sorghum, a C₄ plant, at various stages of growth and development. Influence of moisture stress and nitrogen application was also observed since these factors have profound influence on growth and development.

In pea, NRA was maximum at pod maturity stage and minimum at flowering stage. In sorghum plant there was gradual increase in NRA upto grain formation followed by a fall in activity at maturity.

Nitrogen treatment as nitrate and ammonia significantly increased nitrate reductase activity over control in both pea and sorghum. Treatment with potassium nitrate was found to stimulate more NRA in pea than with ammonium sulphate. In sorghum, both forms of nitrogen did not differ much in their influence on NRA.

Influence of moisture stress in reducing NRA was more clear in sorghum, a C₄ plant than in pea, a C₃ plant. In general, control plants recorded low NRA in both the crops when compared to nitrogen treated plants except at pod formation stage in pea.     

Aluminum inhibition of NADH‐linked electron transfer by corn root plasma membranes

Vesicles enriched in right‐side‐out plasma membranes were isolated from corn roots by a modified two‐phase partition method. Using reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide as electron donor, isolated vesicles were capable of reducing both ferricyanide and oxygen. At pH 6.0, the presence of Al inhibited both reduction processes to a similar extent. This result indicates that these two reduction processes share at least one common step that is sensitive to Al. Inhibition was not associated with a change in the structure of the membrane domain, as revealed by fluorescence polarization of membrane incorporated probes. These results are the first indications that the electron transfer processes of plasma membranes are sensitive to the presence of Al.     

The influence of NH4 +‐N vs. NO3 ‐‐n nutrition on root reductant release by fe‐stressed sorghum 1

The effect of NH₄ ⁺ ‐N on root reduction capacity developed during Fe stress was investigated in plants grown in a CaCO₃ buffered nutrient solution. After a 3‐day period of Fe stress, reduction capacity was not increased by the presence of NH₄ ⁺ ‐N in the growth medium or in the extracting solution. Since reductant degradation over time was pH dependent, experiments measuring root reductant release into nutrient solution would be confounded by treatments with different solution pH values. In an unbuffered nutrient solution a differential NH₄ ⁺ uptake due to the cultivar would affect solution pH and interfere with a reliable interpretation of reductant measurements.     

4种填闲作物对天津黄瓜温室土壤次生盐渍化改良作用的初步研究

通过夏季填闲的方式来解决设施农业次生盐渍化在20世纪初就已被提出,但相关研究在天津黄瓜温室土壤次生盐渍化改良方面还没有开展。通过盆栽试验研究了4种填闲作物（毛苕子、苏丹草、甜玉米和苋菜）对天津地区黄瓜温室土壤次生盐渍化的改良作用。结果显示,与对照土壤相比,4种填闲作物均能显著降低土壤可溶性盐分和Na^＋的含量（P〈0．05）,显著降低土壤养分和有机质的含量（P〈0．05）;毛苕子、甜玉米和苋菜能显著增大土壤K^＋／Na^＋的比值;高种植密度对次生盐渍化土壤的改良效果更为突出;4种填闲作物相比,毛苕子对黄瓜温室土壤次生盐渍化的改良效果最佳。既为改良天津黄瓜温室土壤次生盐渍化提供实践参考,也为延长设施土壤使用年限,促进天津设施蔬菜产业发展提供一种可行途径。     

Nitrogen uptake of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) from tree mulch and mineral fertilizer under high leaching conditions estimated by nitrogen-15 enrichment

 The effects of applying either inorganic fertilizer or leaf mulch of Acacia saligna (Labill.) H.L. Wend. on yields of Sorghum bicolor (L.) were compared with an unfertilized control under the high leaching conditions of runoff irrigation in a dry tropical environment. The N use efficiency and transfer from ¹⁵N-labelled (NH₄)₂SO₄ or acacia leaves to the sorghum differed in quantity and quality. Only 6% of the applied mulch N was retrieved in the crop, in contrast to 21% of the fertilizer N. The proportions of N in the crop derived from the fertilizers were small, amounting to 7% and 28%, respectively, in the mineral fertilizer and mulch treatments. However, the application of inorganic fertilizer and mulch significantly increased crop grain yield (P<0.05 and P<0.1, respectively), biomass production and foliar N contents (P<0.05). The inorganic fertilizer improved crop yields to a larger extent than mulching. At the same time, more N was lost by applying (NH₄)₂ SO₄ than leaf mulch: only 37% of the N of applied (NH₄)₂ SO₄ was found in the crop and the soil (0–0.3 m), but 99% of the mulched N. High NO₃ ^– contents in the topsoil of the inorganic fertilized sorghum treatments indicated the risk of N leaching. However, more important may have been gaseous N losses of surface-applied NH₄ ⁺. From a nutrient conservation point of view, mulches should be given preferance to inorganic fertilizers under high soil pH and leaching conditions, but larger improvements of crop yields could be achieved with mineral fertilizers. Received: 29 July 1998     

Nitrate/ammonium ratio effects on mineral element uptake by sorghum 1

Abstract

Experiments were conducted using different NO₃ ^–/NH₄ ⁺ ratios to determine the effects of these sources of N on mineral element uptake by sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] plants grown in nutrient solution. The NO₃ ^–/NH₄ ⁺ ratios in nutrient solution were 200/0, 195/5, 190/10, and 160/40 mg N L^–1. Nutrient solutions were sampled daily and plants harvested every other day during the 12‐day treatment period.

Moderately severe Fe deficiencies were observed on leaves of plants grown with 200/0 NO₃ ^–/NH₄ ⁺ solutions, but not on the leaves of plants grown with the other NO₃ ^–/NH₄ ⁺ ratios. As plants aged, less Fe, Mn, and Cu were translocated from the roots to leaves and leaf/root ratios of these elements decreased dramatically in plants grown with 200/0 NO₃ ^–/NH₄ ⁺ solutions. Extensive amounts of Fe, Mn, and Cu accumulated in or on the roots of plants grown with 200/0 NO₃ ^–/NH₄ ⁺ solutions. Manganese and Cu may have interacted strongly with Fe to inhibit Fe translocation to leaves and to induce Fe deficiency. As the proportion of NH₄ ⁺ in solution increased, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, and Zn concentrations decreased in the leaves, and Ca, Mg, Mn, and Cu concentrations decreased in roots. Potassium and Zn tended to increase in roots as NH₄ ⁺ in solution increased.     

高丹草对波本杂羔羊的饲喂效果比较

试验选用16只波本杂F1代羔羊,按体重、性别、日龄配对分成2组,在基础饲料相同的情况下,试验组饲喂高丹草(乐食),对照组饲喂皇竹草。通过30天对比饲养试验,结果表明:试验组羔羊的平均日增重(113 g)略优于对照组(109 g),但差异不显著(P>0.05)。从而认为,高丹草饲养羔羊的效果与皇竹草相近。