Response of Black Nightshade (Solanum nigrum L.) to Nitrogen Application

A pot experiment was conducted on Black nightshade ( Solanum nigrum L.) to study the effect of urea nitrogen and select the optimum dose required for its vegetative and reproductive growth, leaf NPK content, yield of fruit and fruit solasodine. Urea was applied at 0.0, 0.45, 0.90, 1.35, 1.80 and 2.25 g N per pot which contained 3.5 kg soil. Seeds were sown directly in pots and plant samples were drawn at fortnightly intervals for recording growth and yield parameters. In addition, solasodine content in fruit and N, P and K in leaves were also estimated. The results showed that all the parameters were influenced by N. In general, N at 1.80 g per pot was optimal.     

茄果类蔬菜花药和花粉培养研究进展

综述了茄果类蔬菜花药和花粉培养的历史、影响因素和培养技术，指出了存在的问题和今后的研究方向。     

Somatic Fusion for Breeding of Tetraploid Potatoes

From two tetraploid, one Transformed tetraploid, one triploid and 11 dihaploid clones of Solanum tuberosum somatic hybrids were produced by polyethylene glycol mediated somatic fusion. The inter-dihaploid clones comprised clones of agronomic value, homozygous doubled monohaploids, and in vitro selected clones resistant t0 Fusarium or Phytophthora toxins. Presumptive hybrids were enriched at the callus Stage in vitro by using differentiating media and by growth characteristics; further identification was performed by chromosome counting in vitro shoots and by isozyme analysis of in vitro plants. Final analysis was made from morphological characteristic of plant and tuber phenotypes. From 15 different combinations, 6009 plantlets have been regenerated. From five combinations, 310 reentrants were checked for hybrid nature by morphology and cytology and 88 by peroxidase and esterase isozyme analyses. Amongst these, from two combinations, a total of 17 different hybrids were confirmed by all methods. The procedures described are general enough to allow genome combination of interdihaploids resulting in tetraploids of practical breeding value.     

Precise, simple screening for resistance in potato varieties to common scab using paper pots

Resistance to common scab pathogen Streptomyces turgidiscabies of seven potato varieties was compared in the field with a newly developed paper pot method. Seedlings raised in soil in paper pots containing inocula at 1 × 10³ to 10⁷cfu/g soil were transplanted into a scab-free field and grown for 3 months. The disease severity of the seven varieties in the field trials differed in iteration and from year to year, even though their resistance levels were approximately similar at the expected levels. With the paper pot method, the seven varieties had different resistance levels, which were almost completely consistent with the results of the field trials, at more than 1 × 10⁵cfu/g soil. Significant differences in disease severity between resistant and susceptible varieties were observed (P = 0.05) for 2 years, and the resistance level of the varieties was elucidated.     

Detection of Dickeya spp. latent infection in potato seed tubers using PCR or ELISA and correlation with disease incidence in commercial field crops under hot‐climate conditions

Over a 5‐year period (2006–2010), 277 certified, visually healthy potato seed lots, imported from Europe to Israel for commercial use, were tested for Dickeya spp. latent infection by PCR analysis (277 seed lots) and ELISA (154 seed lots). Seeds from these lots were grown in commercial potato fields which were inspected twice a season by Plant Protection and Inspection Services (PPIS). Stem samples were tested for the presence of Dickeya spp. by PCR analysis. PCR and ELISA results from seed lot testing correlated with disease expression in 74 and 83·8% of the cases, respectively. Positive laboratory results with no disease symptoms in the field (‘+lab/?field’ results) comprised 24·7 and 9·7% of the PCR and ELISA analyses, respectively, whereas negative laboratory results with disease symptoms in the field results (‘?lab/+field’) were obtained in 1·3 and 6·5%, of cases respectively. Maximum disease incidence, as well as the number of cultivars expressing disease symptoms, increased over the years of this study, indicating an increase in the prevalence of the disease. Severe disease incidence was observed on cvs Dita, Rodeo, Desiree, Mondial, Tomensa and Jelly. Of the 55 imported seed lots from which disease was recorded in the field, 49 originated from the Netherlands, four from Germany and two from France. None originated from Scotland.     

茎叶除草剂对刺萼龙葵的防治效果评价

采用茎叶喷雾法评价了7种防除阔叶杂草的除草剂对野外5～7叶期刺萼龙葵的防除效果。药后30d调查结果表明,7种除草剂对刺萼龙葵的生长均有一定的抑制作用,不同药剂对刺萼龙葵的防效差异显著。防除刺萼龙葵较好的药剂有48%三氯吡氧乙酸乳油、24%氨氯吡啶酸水剂和20%氯氟吡氧乙酸乳油,试验剂量下对刺萼龙葵的鲜重防效均在85%以上,25%氟磺胺草醚水剂对刺萼龙葵的防效较差。三氯吡氧乙酸、氨氯吡啶酸和氯氟吡氧乙酸能够有效防治刺萼龙葵,根据药剂的不同特性,探讨了在不同入侵地的应用可能性。     

黄土高原丘陵沟壑区川地和梯田茄子光合特性比较

采用Li-6400便携式光合系统仪,对黄土高原丘陵沟壑区川地和梯田茄子在覆膜与不覆膜两种栽培方式下的光合特性日变化进行了测定。结果表明:(1)茄子在川地与梯田不同栽培模式下光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度的日变化均表现为"双峰"曲线,都具有明显的"午休"现象;引起川地茄子产生光合"午休"现象的主要原因是气孔因素;引起梯田茄子产生光合"午休"现象的一个重要原因是非气孔因素;(2)梯田茄子在不同栽培方式下的光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度日均值均显著高于川地茄子(P<0.01),而叶片水平水分利用效率日均值却显著低于川地茄子(P<0.01);(3)茄子在覆膜与不覆膜两种栽培方式下的光合特性日变化参数没有显著性差别(P>0.05)。     

外来入侵植物-黄花刺茄的生物学特性、危害与防控

黄花刺茄的适应性、繁殖能力、传播能力、侵害力、排挤性极强,是高度危险的检疫性有害植物,被称为"生态杀手"。文章对黄花刺茄的生物学特性、危害特点与防控措施作了简要叙述,以期引起自治区各级政府及相关部门的高度重视,提早防治,不要任其肆意蔓延,破坏我区的生态环境。     

类番茄茄(Salunum lycopersicoides)与栽培番茄杂交的细胞学研究

类番茄茄LA1990与栽培番茄P180正反交都不亲和。其中,LA1990×P180杂交组合的不亲和发生在花粉管在花柱中生长的阶段,花粉管不能伸到胚珠内发生双受精。P180×LA1990杂交组合的不亲和发生在胚胎发育阶段,胚乳在胚发育的早期就瓦解,胚因缺乏营养最后死亡。     

Molecular markers for late blight resistance breeding of potato: an update

Late blight is the most devastating disease of the potato crop that can be effectively managed by growing resistant cultivars. Introgression of resistance (R) genes/quantitative trait loci (QTLs) from the Solanum germplasm into common potato is one of the plausible approaches to breed resistant cultivars. Although the conventional method of breeding will continue to play a primary role in potato improvement, molecular marker technology is becoming one of its integral components. To achieve rapid success, from the past to recent years, several R genes/QTLs that originated from wild/cultivated Solanum species were mapped on the potato genome and a few genes were cloned using molecular approaches. As a result, molecular markers closely linked to resistance genes or QTLs offer a quicker potato breeding option through marker‐assisted selection (MAS). However, limited progress has been achieved so far through MAS in potato breeding. In near future, new resistance genes/QTLs are expected to be discovered from wild Solanum gene pools and linked molecular markers would be available for MAS. This article presents an update on the development of molecular markers linked to late blight resistance genes or QTLs by utilization of Solanum species for MAS in potato.