中国奠基群奥利亚罗非鱼遗传多态性的DNA指纹图谱

运用３３．６和３３．１５两种人源小卫星探针对中国奠基群奥利亚罗非鱼群体进行遗传多态性的ＤＮＡ指纹图谱研究。结果表明,在奥利亚罗非鱼群体中两种探针都能产生个体特异性的ＤＮＡ指纹图谱;两种探针平均检测出６２．５条条带,其中多态性条带占５８．５％,个体平均条带数为７．８１３;奥利亚罗非鱼种群内相似系数为０．７４０,遗传变异系数为０．２６０,证明奥利亚罗非鱼群体的遗传纯度极高,遗传多态性很低,但仍存在一定     

猪瘟流行野毒E~(rns)基因的序列分析

 利用反转录 ( RT)和 PCR技术完成了 5株近期 ( 1 997～ 1 998年 )猪瘟流行毒和 1株猪瘟 C-株弱毒疫苗毒 (兰州 ) Erns(或称 E0 )基因的核酸序列测定。通过序列分析发现 ,这 5株流行毒与 C-株疫苗毒的核酸序列同源性为 83%～ 84%;推导的氨基酸序列同源性为 88%～ 91 %,我国 50～ 60年代流行的中国石门株 ( SM)的核酸序列同源性为 85%;氨基酸序列同源性为 89%～ 91 %。而 5株流行毒间的核酸序列同源性为 91 %～ 98%;氨基酸序列同源性为 94%～ 98%。     

川西地区毛叶木姜子的表型多样性研究

[目的]通过对川西地区毛叶木姜子的表型性状调查,研究其表型变异程度和变异规律,探讨毛叶木姜子的表型特征,为川西地区毛叶木姜子种质资源的保存和利用、良种选育提供科学依据。[方法]在川西地区随机选取具有代表性的56株毛叶木姜子实生单株,对果实、叶片、种子等13个表型性状进行系统比较分析,采用变异系数、方差分析、相关分析、主成分分析等方法,探讨川西地区毛叶木姜子表型多样性。[结果](1)从变异系数和方差分析结果来看,试验区内毛叶木姜子表型性状间存在丰富的变异,且变异幅度大。其中,果实百粒质量的变异系数最大,为15.93%;果形指数的变异系数最小,为2.31%。(2)在相关分析中,各性状间不同程度地存在着极显著或显著的差异。(3)主成分分析显示,果实纵径、果实横径、果实百粒质量、种子纵径、种子横径、种子百粒质量是影响毛叶木姜子表型多样性的主导因子。[结论]毛叶木姜子表型性状变异丰富、变异程度各不相同;表型性状间具有协调发育的特点;果实纵径等6个性状是影响其表型多样性的主导因子。     

Development of a core set of KASP markers for assaying genetic diversity in Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis Makino

Single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are rapid, economical and reliable genotyping tools. Non‐heading Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. subsp. chinensis Makino) is now an economically important vegetable crop worldwide. In this study, 1,167 SNPs were evaluated for 7polymorphism among 70 representative non‐heading Chinese cabbage inbred lines using a Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR (KASP) genotyping assay. On the basis of identified polymorphisms and the results of a principal component analysis, we selected 50 core SNPs that were balanced sufficiently to provide adequate information for genetic identification. The core SNPs were used for construction of a neighbour‐joining dendrogram that separated the 70 inbred lines into four main groups and several subgroups corresponding to Caixin, Heiyebaicai, Huangxinwu, Naibaicai, Taitsai, Pak‐choi, and Wutatsai. This categorization was superior to that achieved using a dataset of 479 polymorphic SNPs. To confirm the utility of the core SNP markers in genetic identification, we tested their stability and resolution using 162 commercial hybrid cultivars. The SNPs, which represent a cost‐effective, accurate marker set for germplasm analysis and cultivar identification, are suitable for molecular marker‐assisted breeding in non‐heading Chinese cabbage.     

Morphological differences among Raphanus raphanistrum populations and their relationship to related crops

Wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum) has developed introgressed populations after hybridization with its cultivated counterpart (R. sativus) in California. Hybridization with various Brassica and Sinapis species is also possible. To determine if hybridization is responsible of the genetic diversity of European populations, six wild radish populations with distinct morphological traits were sampled from geographically distant regions in Europe. Plants were cultivated in an oilseed rape field and in insect‐proof cages. Silique and flower morphology, growth, and reproductive traits were measured. The wild radish populations could be discriminated by the morphological traits, but not related to geographic regions. In particular, populations of one region showed wide variability in terms of silique shape and growth behaviour, and small‐sized flowers. Although the origin of morphological diversity in wild radish is unclear, i.e. native or due to gene flow from the cultivated radish or other Brassicaceae, significant morphological divergence was found that could have relevant effects on plant ecology and adaptation.     

红富士苹果芽变系DNA甲基化研究

以35份富士苹果(Malus×domestica Borkh.‘Fuji’)芽变材料为试材,利用甲基化敏感扩增多态性(Methylation Sensitive Amplified Polymorphism,MSAP)分析和UPGMA聚类方法,对其基因组甲基化修饰水平、变异模式以及表观遗传变异关系进行研究。结果表明:(1)不同富士系得到不同的MSAP扩增,总DNA甲基化水平27.90%～36.16%,平均32.87%,双链全甲基化为主要甲基化方式;(2)富士芽变材料绝大多数位点保持了原有甲基化模式;(3)绝大多数芽变(68.57%)检测到全部的甲基化变异模式(12种),去甲基化频率极显著高于甲基化频率(P <0.01),且CG去甲基化极显著高于CHG;(4)36份种质遗传相似系数平均值0.89(0.79～0.92),在聚类图上,富士原种分布在芽变系集中区外,新近发生的芽变系更倾向于聚在一起,着色系片红型和条红型芽变呈分散排布状态。总的来看,富士芽变的甲基化变异模式丰富,超甲基化和去甲基化相伴发生,但以去甲基化为主;‘富士’着色芽变与其最原始品种富士,以及芽变之间发生了较大表观遗传变异;片红和条红型芽变聚类未表现明显偏好性。本研究将为进一步开展富士着色系芽变机理研究提供指导,可以CG去甲基化为切入点展开深入研究。     

马铃薯晚疫病菌应答WRKY基因的结构功能预测与植物表达载体构建

WRKY是一类广泛参与高等植物各种抗逆调控活动的转录因子,可以通过激活下游相关信号转导途径调节自身的应激反应,进而增强植物抗逆性。本研究通过RNA-Seq从马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum)中筛选出一个晚疫病菌诱导WRKY转录因子基因StWRKY。采用RT-PCR技术获得该基因CDS全长,并对其进行序列分析及结构功能预测。根据StWRKY蛋白序列进行同源性搜索,得到与其蛋白序列相似度较高的其他物种的蛋白序列,使用MEGA7软件对St WRKY蛋白序列及其同源序列进行多序列比对分析并构建了系统进化树。利用在线工具ProtParam对StWRKY进行氨基酸理化性质分析;利用SMART在线工具进行蛋白序列分析;利用SWISS-MODEL在线工具和PredictProtein在线平台分别对StWRKY蛋白二级结构和三级结构进行分析。结果表明,StWRKY核苷酸序列CDS全长为957 bp,编码含318个氨基酸的蛋白质,预测蛋白分子量为36.17 k D,等电点为6.49。既不是分泌蛋白也不是膜蛋白,未发现跨膜区、信号肽和复合螺旋区。StWRKY三维空间结构主要由无规卷曲以及β-折叠组成。通过XcmⅠ酶切、连接将StWRKY装载到pCXSN载体上,构建了该基因的超表达载体pCXSN-StWRKY。StWRKY基因的克隆,为进一步从分子水平上验证其抗晚疫病的生物学功能以及揭示马铃薯生物胁迫抗逆机制奠定基础,并为马铃薯抗病育种提供新的基因资源。     

Development of a kompetitive allele‐specific PCR marker for selection of the mutated Wx‐D1d allele in wheat breeding

Waxy (Wx) protein is a key enzyme for synthesis of amylose in endosperm. Amylose content in wheat grain influences the quality of end‐use products. Seven alleles have been described at the Wx‐D1 locus, but only two of them (Wx‐D1b, Wx‐D1e) were genotyped with codominant markers. The waxy wheat line K107Wx1 developed by treating ‘Kanto 107’ seeds with ethyl methanesulphonate carries the Wx‐D1d allele. However, no molecular basis supports this nomenclature. In the present study, DNA sequence analysis confirmed that a single nucleotide polymorphism in the sixth exon of Wx‐D1 changed tryptophan at position 301 into a termination codon. Based on this sequence variation, a PCR‐based KASP marker was developed to detect this point mutation using 68 BC₈F₁ plants and 297 BC₈F₂ lines derived from the cross ‘Ningmai 14’*9/K107Wx1. Combined with codominant markers for the Wx‐A1 and Wx‐B1 alleles, waxy and non‐waxy near‐isogenic lines were distinguished. The KASP marker was efficient in identifying the mutant allele and can be used to transfer waxiness to elite lines.     

Genetic divergence in two tropical maize composites after four cycles of reciprocal recurrent selection

Two tropical maize composites were subjected to four cycles of reciprocal recurrent selection to develop divergent inbred lines with good combining ability. This study was conducted to examine the extent of genetic diversity, changes in allele composition and genetic structure, of 100 randomly selected S₁ lines each from the original (C₀) and advanced (C₄) selection cycles of TZL COMP3 and TZL COMP4, genotyped using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. Results revealed that the proportion of alleles at both low and high frequencies decreased from C₀ to C₄, whereas those at intermediate frequencies increased at C₄ in the two composites. More unique and other alleles were lost at C₄ in TZL COMP3 relative to those in TZL COMP4. The changes in different measures of genetic diversity were either small or negligible with selection in the two composites. The proportion of markers departing from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) decreased with selection, whereas the total number of pairs of markers in linkage disequilibrium increased with selection in the two composites. Examination of changes in population structures using a model‐based approach as well as cluster and multivariate analyses found a high degree of concordance in stratifying the 400 S₁ lines into four non‐overlapping groups corresponding to the two selection cycles each within the reciprocal composites. The observed molecular‐based divergence between cycles within the same composite and the clear differentiation between the complementary composites highlight the importance of reciprocal recurrent selection for preserving genetic diversity for long‐term selection. This increases the potential of the advanced selection cycles to sustain genetic gain in productivity of hybrids adapted to the savannas in West and Central Africa.     

Silicon-mediated genotoxic alterations in Brassica juncea under arsenic stress: A comparative study of biochemical and molecular markers

Arsenic (As), one of the most harmful toxicant at the global level, severely affects plant metabolism when taken up. Interestingly, the presence of silicon (Si) as a fertilizer in As-contaminated soil is an effective strategy to decrease As accumulation in plants. Brassica juncea (var. Varuna) were grown hydroponically to investigate the role of Si at biochemical and molecular levels under arsenite (As³⁺) stress. Seedlings of B. juncea were exposed to As³⁺, Si, and a combination of both elements. Our data demonstrated that seedlings exposed to As³⁺ showed an inhibition in shoot length, chlorophyll, carotenoid, and protein, while co-application of Si improved these growth parameters. Silicon supplementation reduced As accumulation in shoot. Increase/decrease was observed in stress-related parameters (cysteine and proline), antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, and catalase), and oxidative stress markers (malondialdehyde and H₂O₂), which were improved upon co-application of Si as compared to As³⁺ alone treatment. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) is a suitable biomarker assay for plants for assessing the genotoxicity. Seven RAPD primers produced a total of 39 and 48 bands in the leaves of the untreated and treated seedlings, respectively. The RAPD band-profiles and genomic template stability were consistent with other growth and physiological parameters. In conclusion, the genotoxic alterations along with the biochemical parameters indicate that the exposure to Si mitigates As³⁺-induced oxidative stress by improving the stress-related parameters and antioxidant system in B. juncea.