2009年我国部分麦区小麦白粉菌群体对三唑酮和嘧菌酯的敏感性测定

自1976年以来,三唑酮一直就是我国防治小麦白粉病的主要药剂.1991年首次在山东省发现抗性菌株,之后其他地区也相继有抗药性菌株的报道.本实验室从1995年就开始监测小麦白粉菌对三唑酮的抗药性,研究结果表明,平均抗性水平和抗性菌株的频率均总体呈上升趋势[1-3].     

小麦/小麦秆锈菌亲和性互作的组织病理学及超微结构研究

利用化学显微技术和生物电镜技术，系统地研究了小麦秆锈菌在感病寄主上发育过程的组织学及超微结构特征。结果表明：小麦秆锈菌的发育过程可分为几个明显的阶段：孢子萌发和芽管形成，附着胞的形成和气孔下囊的分化，初生侵染菌丝和次生侵染菌丝的形成和生长，吸器母细胞和吸器的形成，夏孢子床和夏孢子堆的产生。小麦秆锈菌菌丝沿着细胞壁生长和蔓延．菌丝顶端细胞原生质稠密，代谢旺盛；吸器母细胞形成在细胞壁周围，吸器产生在细胞里面，呈指状，吸器外同和细胞膜区域有吸器外问质的存在。小麦秆锈菌发育早期，小麦细胞一直保持正常；而在发育后期，小麦细胞发生了质壁分离，叶绿体片层受到破坏。     

温度与条锈病菌双胁迫下小麦内参基因的选择

 选择合适的内参基因是采用实时定量PCR研究基因表达获得可信数据的关键。以小麦在条锈病菌及温度双因素胁迫为研究对象,采用实时荧光定量PCR评价了CDC、RLI、ACTIN和26S基因的表达情况,采用geNorm和NormFinder软件进行了比较分析。结果表明,小偃6号小麦在常温(15℃±1℃)未接种条锈病菌,以及接种条锈病菌并培育至花斑期分别在高温(20℃±1℃)、变温(20℃到15℃)条件处理中,基因RLI表达不稳定,基因ACTIN在常温条件下以及在条锈病菌及高温处理条件下的表达量相对稳定,但在变温条件下波动较大。表达最稳定的基因是26S,其次是CDC基因,它们可以作为小偃6号-CYR32-温度互作体系中基因表达实时荧光定量PCR研究的内参基因,26S和CDC是最佳内参基因组合。     

小麦对秆锈菌新小种Ug99的抗性研究进展

为了及时了解国际小麦育种的发展动态,介绍了国外在小麦秆锈病新小种Ug99抗性方面的研究进展,主要包括成立国际锈病研究协作网,负责全球范围的小麦锈病研究;基本明确了Ug99的可能传播路线;在肯尼亚对17个国家和组织的4157份小麦品种进行了抗性鉴定,337份表现抗病,为抗病育种提供了重要亲本;明确了现有抗性基因的利用价值,建议利用Sr2、Sr24、Sr26、Sr36、SrTmp和来自1A／1R易位的未知抗性基因,采用持久抗性与主效基因相结舍的策略,通过分子标记辅助选择提高品种选育效率。最后提出了国内技术储备的主要内容。     

禾顶囊壳对小麦初生根和次生根的侵染性研究

禾顶囊壳小麦变种是侵染小麦根部引起全蚀病害的致病菌,采用室内盆栽接种方法,研究了全蚀病菌--禾顶囊壳小麦变种对小麦初生根与次生根侵染性的差异.结果表明,小麦初生根易感全蚀病菌,是禾项囊壳小麦变种的主要侵染部位,而次生根相对抗病,其发病轻重与次生根的生理年龄和小麦品种的抗病性有关,小麦8793-8较76120抗禾顶囊壳小麦变种的侵染.研究结果对认识禾顶囊壳小麦变种的致病机理以及利用抗病品种控制该病的危害具有重要意义.     

小麦条锈菌3个看家基因SNP引物的首次报道

In order to analyze the population structure of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), SNPs primers of Pst were developed from DNA sequences of nine house-keeping genes Chs, Act, Mapk1, Tub, Cdc2, Rd, Sm, Ls and Ef-1α obtained from GenBank. Eight of which were from Pst and one from P. graminis f. sp. tritici (Pgt). Thirteen pairs of primers were designed and screened based on at least 30 isolates of Pst obtained from diverse locations. Three of them were polymorphic namely Map1351S/Map1683A, Cd28S/Cd352A and Ef137S/Ef531A. Polymorphic loci analysis based on 149 Pst isolates from 5 provinces indicated that the three primers had good polymorphism. Cd28S/Cd352A had 8 polymorphic loci, three of them were phylogenetically informative. Ef137S/Ef531A had 6 polymorphic loci and 4 of them were informative. Map1351S/Map1683A had 8 polymorphic loci and 4 were informative. The 3 primers were used for analyzing Pst population and revealed the ancestral origin, phylogeny relation of haplotypes, genetic differentiation of the population, gene flow, and the evolution and migration relation between Pst populations thereby. The findings indicate that the 3 genes SNP primers can be used for Pst population genetic structure analysis.     

2002—2014年陕西省小麦条锈菌生理小种变化动态和小麦品种(系)的抗病性

为明确陕西省小麦条锈菌的群体结构、变异动态和新育成小麦品种(系)的抗病性,为病害流行预测、防治以及抗病育种提供依据,本研究于2002—2014年从陕西省8个市(区)的28个县(区)和毗邻的甘肃省、四川省和湖北省部分地区共采集鉴定小麦条锈菌标样2 779份,监测到条锈菌生理小种和致病类型45个,其中,CYR33和CYR32为目前陕西省小麦条锈菌主要流行小种,新致病类型G22-9和G22-14虽然目前出现频率不高,但对贵农系列、92R系列以及Moro均有毒性,且出现频率呈上升趋势。目前小麦条锈菌群体中Hybrid46致病类群和水源11致病类群占绝对优势,这与我国小麦品种抗病基因单一化有较大关系,应加强开发和利用新的、多元化的抗源材料。对2 952份陕西省新育成小麦品种(系)抗病性测试结果表明,其整体抗性水平呈上升趋势。综合条锈菌生理小种监测和抗病性分析结果,目前小麦抗条锈病育种应以抗CYR33和CYR32为主,同时注意对G22-9和G22-14的抗病性研究。     

Temporal and spatial field evaluations highlight the importance of the presymptomatic phase in supporting strong partial resistance in Triticum aestivum against Zymoseptoria tritici

Zymoseptoria tritici, the causal agent of septoria tritici blotch (STB), remains a significant threat to European wheat production with the continuous emergence of fungicide resistance in Z. tritici strains eroding the economic sustainability of wheat production systems. The life cycle of Z. tritici is characterized by a presymptomatic phase (latent period, LP) after which the pathogen switches to an aggressive necrotrophic stage, when lesions bearing pycnidia quickly manifest on the leaf. As minimal knowledge of the possible role of the LP in supporting STB resistance/susceptibility exists, the goal of this study was to investigate the spatial and temporal association between the LP and disease progression across three locations (Ireland – Waterford, Carlow; UK – Norwich) that represent commercially high, medium and low STB pressure environments. Completed over two seasons (2013–2015) with commercially grown cultivars, the potential of the LP in stalling STB epidemics was significant as identified with cv. Stigg, whose high level of partial resistance was characterized by a lengthened LP (c. 36 days) under the high disease pressure environment of Waterford. However, once the LP concluded it was followed by a rate of disease progression in cv. Stigg that was comparable to that observed in the more susceptible commercial varieties. Complementary analysis, via logistic modelling of intensive disease assessments made at Carlow and Waterford in 2015, further highlighted the value of a lengthened LP in supporting strong partial resistance against STB disease of wheat.     

The wheat stem rust pathogen in the central region of the Russian Federation

A total of 387 isolates of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici (Pgt) collected in the central region of the Russian Federation from 2000 to 2009 was analysed with North American differential sets comprising 16 genotypes for samples of 2000–2006 and 20 genotypes for samples from 2007–2009. Forty‐five races were identified. The race composition of the local population underwent changes during this period. Race MKBT was the predominant race in the earlier years, but TKNT and TKNTF were in the majority later. During 2000–2009 there were no stem rust epidemics in the region. It was assumed that the local pathogen population cycled on wild grasses (including Elytrigia, Agropyron, Festuca, Dactylis, Phleum and Lolium spp.) and not only on wheat. The existence of host communities of wheat stem rust was supported by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers produced with high‐GC primers. The local population of Pgt was considered to be sexual based on the relatively high diversity of races isolated from various hosts and the absence of correlation between virulence attributes and molecular markers.