Evaluation of nematicidal properties of saponins from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Medicago</Emphasis> spp.

The nematicidal activity of saponins from Medicago arborea (tops), M. arabica (tops and roots) and M. sativa (tops and roots) against the plant-parasitic nematode Xiphinema index was investigated. Nematicidal activity of related prosapogenins and sapogenins on X. index is also described. Saponins from Medicago spp. at different concentrations were all nematicidal, those from M. arborea tops being the less effective. In general, saponins induced 100% mortality at 500 μg ml⁻¹ between 8 and 48 h, while prosapogenins resulted in toxicity starting at 125 μg ml⁻¹. Differences in the effects on X. index induced by prosapogenins and sapogenins were less pronounced, although prosapogenins displayed a larger range of activity. Assays with purified sapogenins demonstrated the relationship of the observed nematicidal activity of M. sativa and M. arborea to the content of the main aglycones (medicagenic acid and hederagenin, respectively) in the saponin extracts. Hederagenin displayed the highest bioactivity, giving 38% mortality after 1 h at 125 μg ml⁻¹.     

Effects of panax notoginseng saponins on malondialdehyde content of the brain following brain injury in rabbits

AIM: To study the protective effect of panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) on brain in experimental brain injury. RESULTS:The MDA in the brain tissue following brain injury significantly increased, which related to the degree of brain edema; PNS dramatically decreased MDA in the brain tissue following brain injury and can alleviate the neuron ultrastructures damage.CONCLUSION:The inhibition of injury induced MDA increasing in the brain tissue by PNS may contribute to its overall neuroprotective action.     

“青引”燕麦中皂甙提取工艺研究

研究利用索氏浸提法提取燕麦中皂甙工艺条件。以乙醇-正丁醇为溶剂,以皂甙RC为标准品,采用分光光度法定量分析燕麦提取液中总皂甙含量,采用正交试验对料液比、乙醇浓度、浸提温度对提取率的影响。结果表明,正交试验最佳提取条件为料液比：1∶7;乙醇浓度：70%;浸提温度：70℃,提取率为1.716%;主次顺序依次为：料液比〉浸提温度〉乙醇浓度。该方法操作方便,简单易行,具有推广应用价值。     

苜蓿属植物的皂苷类化学成分

综述了苜蓿属所含有的皂苷类化学成分,结果显示该属植物含皂苷类成分近60种,均为齐墩果烷(oleanane)型五环三萜,此类成分具有多种多样的生物活性,对于深入研究与开发苜蓿属植物具有重要的意义。     

Control of bacterial and fungal biofilms by natural products of Ziziphus joazeiro Mart. (Rhamnaceae)

The aim of this study is to verify the action of the aqueous leaf extract Ziziphus joazeiro in the eradication of bacterial and fungal biofilms, and to compare these effects with the stem bark extracts, as well as with conventional standard drugs. The presence of secondary metabolites was observed through phytochemical prospection assays. The effect of the aqueous extract on microbial biofilm formation was observed by OD600 nm absorbance and the crystal violet assay. For bacterial and fungal biofilms, chlorhexidine gluconate and fluconazole, respectively, were used as positive controls. Phytochemical characterization showed the presence of secondary metabolite classes common to both extracts such as flavonoids, steroids and saponins. In particular, in the aqueous leaf extract phenols, condensed tannins and alkaloids were observed. Eradication results using the aqueous leaf extract showed an inhibition of the microbial biofilm mass, moreover the biofilms were more sensitive to the bark extract, which presented a greater inhibition number and an action similar to standard drugs. It is important to highlight the leaf extract showed significant eradication at the lowest concentrations for mature yeast biofilms, thus demonstrating its potential to modify microbial resistance susceptibility. Bacterial and fungal biofilm eradication results using the Ziziphus joazeiro aqueous extracts presented a biofilm inhibition effect for both, moreover the results support the ethnopharmacological knowledge surrounding the use of Ziziphus joazeiro stems in the community. In comparison, the bark extract presented a more effective treatment than the leaf extract against biofilms, presenting inhibition levels similar to the used standard drugs.     

??? 皂甙的生理活性及其应用研究进展

皂甙是一类具有特殊生理功能的活性物质，具有降血脂、抗菌、抗病毒、抗氧化、抗自由基、抑制肿瘤细胞生长，免疫调节等作用。本文介绍其存在形式，分布、化学结构，生理活性及其在动物生产中的应用等。     

Extrusion processing characteristics of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) var. Cherry Vanilla

Extrusion processing characteristics of Cherry Vanilla quinoa flour (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) were investigated using a three factor response surface design to assess the impact of feed moisture, temperature, and screw speed on the physicochemical properties of quinoa extrudates. Specific mechanical energy (SME) required to extrude this quinoa variety was higher (250–500 kJ/kg) than previously reported for quinoa. The following characteristics of the extrudates were observed: expansion ratio (1.17–1.55 g/cm³), unit density (0.45–1.02 g/cm³), water absorption index (WAI) (2.33–3.05 g/g), and water solubility index (WSI) (14.5–15.87%). This quinoa flour had relatively low direct expansion compared to cereal grains such as corn or wheat, suggesting that it is not well suited for the making of direct expanded products. The study further suggests that there is a need to understand the processing characteristics of new quinoa varieties for cultivation. Understanding extrusion and other quality traits in advance will help to select the appropriate varieties that would allow food processors to meet consumer needs.     

药用植物黄芪乳酸发酵成分

通过保加利亚乳杆菌对黄芪进行发酵处理,在发酵的过程中采用紫外分光光度法对药用植物黄芪的各主要成分质量分数的变化进行了测定.结果表明:经发酵后黄芪总皂苷质量分数增加了22％,总黄酮质量分数增长13.6％,但总多糖质量分数有所下降.     

酸浆宿萼总皂苷对小鼠胃癌细胞(MFC)生长的影响

为了解酸浆宿萼总皂苷(TPS)的抗肿瘤效果,研究了TPS对小鼠胃癌细胞(Murine foregastric carcinoma,MFC)的生长、增殖抑制和细胞凋亡的影响。结果表明,TPS能使小鼠胃癌细胞MFC的细胞数量减少、细胞形状发生改变、凋亡小体增加;TPS在浓度为80μmol·L-1,作用72h后,对MFC的增殖抑制率能达到50%以上,同时MFC的凋亡效果也最明显;TPS对MFC的增殖抑制率和细胞凋亡率都随浓度增大而增大,呈剂量依赖性。     

Cycloartane saponins from Astragalus peregrinus as modulators of lymphocyte proliferation

From Astragalus peregrinus, four cycloartane-type saponins have been isolated and their structures elucidated by spectral means as 20(R),24(S)-epoxy-9β,19-cyclolanostane-3β,6α,16β,25-tetrol 3-O-β- -glucopyranoside (1), 20(R),24(S)-epoxy-9β,19-cyclolanostane-3β,6α,16β,25-tetrol 3-O-α- -rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)-β- -glucopyranoside (2), 20(R),24(S)-epoxy-9β,19-cyclolanostane-3β,6α,16β,25-tetrol 3-O-α- -rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-β- -glucopyranoside (3) and 20(R),25-epoxy-9β,19-cyclolanostane-3β,6α,16β,24(S)-tetrol (24-O-acetyl)- 3-O-α- -rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-(6′-O-acetyl)-β- -glucopyranoside (4). Compounds 2 and 3 showed to stimulate the proliferation of mouse splenocytes and were not significantly cytotoxic.