Influence of sediment phosphorus on utilization efficiency of phosphate fertilizer: a mesocosm study

Influence of initial sediment phosphorus content of the pond sediment on P dose efficiency was examined in a laboratory experiment using four types of sediments collected from ponds located along a nutrient gradient in a sewage‐fed fish farm. Each sediment type (500 g) was dispensed in a glass jar with water and treated with single super phosphate (SSP) treatment at 1.25, 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 mg L^?1 in triplicate. Determination of orthophosphate (OP) and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) in water and available and total P in sediment showed increased response in relation to dose and time. At a given dose, the rate of increase for all species of phosphate in sediment or water was maximum in the case of local pond (LP) soil followed by stocking pond (SP), facultative pond (FP) and anaerobic pond (AP) soil, suggesting that utililization of phosphate fertilizer was much better under oligotrophic conditions than under eutrophic states. The SSP‐induced OP peak at 10 mg L^?1 in LP sediment was similar to that of 5.0 mg L^?1 in AP sediment containing 59% enhanced initial phosphate, implying that fertilizer application can be profitably reduced by 18% in the former without limiting the OP level in the water phase. It is concluded that dosage selection of phosphorus fertilizer in aquaculture ponds should be based on an evaluation of the initial P status of the system.     

Comparison of 5′-inosine monophosphate and p-nitrophenyl phosphate degrading activities among red,pink, and white muscle fibers of cultured carp

ABSTRACT:   As part of a study to clarify the differences in the temporal change in K -value among fish species, the temporal change in K -value and the 5'-inosine monophosphate (5'-IMP) and p-nitrophenol phosphate (p-NPP) degrading activities in the red, pink, and white muscle fibers in the dorsal muscle of the carp were compared. The temporal change in K -value was fastest in red, followed by pink, and white muscle fibers, at both 0°C and 32°C. Moreover, the 5'-IMP and p-NPP degrading activities were highest in red, followed by pink, and white muscle fibers at near optimum pH concentrations. The 5'-IMP degrading activity at pH 7.0 had a positive correlation with the increasing rate of K -value at 32°C for all types of muscle fibers. These results suggest that differences in increasing rates of K -values between red, pink, and white muscle fibers corresponded to the 5'-IMP degrading activities.     

甘蔗SPS基因家族成员表达与糖分积累关系解析

以甘蔗高糖品种福农95-1702和低糖品种ROC-5为材料,分析SPS I、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ在高、低糖这两个品种的幼叶、第三功能叶和不同蔗茎的表达,测定甘蔗糖分积累早期、中期和后期的糖分含量。结果显示,在功能叶和茎第二节中,三个阶段SPS家族成员在高糖品种的含量整体趋势高于低糖品种,结合蔗糖积累特点分析表明其可能在蔗糖合成中扮演着重要的角色。与正三叶相反,在幼叶中,三个阶段SPS家族成员在高糖品种的表达量整体趋势低于低糖品种,表明其可能与嫩叶的生长等其他生理性状相关,在成熟茎中,随着蔗糖积累时间的增加,高糖品种中的优势表达基因减少,而低糖品种中的优势表达基因增加,这可能与低糖品种中、后期大量积累蔗糖相关。     

葡聚糖水合二激酶的生物学功能及其应用

葡聚糖水合二激酶(glucan-water dikinase,GWD)催化淀粉发生的磷酸化反应是植物临时淀粉降解的必要过程.该文总结了GWD的结构、生物学功能及其与其他淀粉代谢相关酶类的互作,以及GWD基因的研究进展及其在淀粉改性工艺上的应用现状,展望了GWD在淀粉磷酸化改性工艺上的应用前景,旨在为淀粉生物改性提供一种环境友好型、资源集约型的思路和方法.     

富钾土壤中氮、磷肥不同水平对甘薯生长及产量的影响

试验研究了氮肥、磷肥不同水平对甘薯生长发育动态、产量的影响。结果表明,在氮肥试验中,氮水平为75 kg/hm2处理的薯块鲜质量和茎叶鲜质量都达到最大,鲜薯产量达51 519.25 kg/hm2,单株结薯数达5.0个,商品薯率为89.43%,平均单株薯质量为1084.71g;氮水平小于等于75 kg/hm2处理的薯块鲜质量和茎叶鲜质量均随着施氮水平的提高而提高;氮水平大于等于75 kg/hm2处理薯块鲜质量和茎叶鲜质量随着施氮水平的升高急剧下降。在磷肥试验中,磷用量为135 kg/hm2时,鲜薯产量最大,为46 802.35 kg/hm2,单株结薯数为4.65个,商品薯率为91.0%,平均单株薯质量为978.0 g;磷水平低于135 kg/hm2时,随着磷用量的提高产量逐渐增大,磷水平高于135 kg/hm2时,随着磷用量的提高产量降低。合理施肥是甘薯增产增收栽培的有效措施。     

Bioavailability of ascorbyl phosphate calcium in hybrid catfish,Clarias macrocephalus (Gunther) × Clarias gariepinus (Burchell) feed

A 10-week feeding experiment was performed in hybrid catfish (Clarias macrocephalus (Gunther) × C. gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) with initial average weight of 1.17 g, in glass aquaria of 200-L capacity. The experiment comprised seven treatments with three replicates each. Ascorbyl phosphate calcium (APCa) was included at 30, 75, 150, 300 and 1000 mg kg⁻¹ feed and compared with one with ascorbyl polyphosphate (APP) at 36 mg kg⁻¹ feed and one without vitamin C supplementation. Fish fed APCa-supplemented feed showed better growth, feed conversion ratio, survival rate and protein utilization compared with those without such supplementation. Ascorbate concentrations in liver and head kidneys were correlated closely with dietary APCa levels. Vertebral collagen and hydroxyproline contents were significantly lower in the fish group without ascorbate supplementation. Red blood cell and white blood cell counts showed no correlation with vitamin C supplementation. Serum protein level was lowest in the group fed feed without vitamin C supplementation and this was lower than those fed feed with APCa and APP supplementation. The fish fed APCa- and APP-supplemented feed showed no difference in serum protein levels. External scorbutic symptoms and histopathological changes of gill tissue were noted in fish fed feed without APCa supplementation. The study indicates that 12.6 mg kg⁻¹ of ascorbic acid molar equivalent supplied as APCa (30 mg kg⁻¹) provided maximum growth and no gross signs as well as histological changes resulting from vitamin C deficiency.     

Phosphorus availability of sewage sludge‐based fertilizers determined by the diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) technique

The plant‐availability of phosphorus (P) in fertilizers and soil can strongly influence the yield of agricultural crops. However, there are no methods to efficiently and satisfactorily analyze the plant‐availability of P in sewage sludge‐based P fertilizers except by undertaking time‐consuming and complex pot or field experiments. We employed the diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) technique to quantify the plant P availability of various types of P fertilizers with a novel focus on sewage sludge‐based P fertilizers. Mixtures of fertilizer and soil were incubated for 3 weeks at 60% water holding capacity. DGT devices were deployed at the beginning of the incubation and again after 1, 2, and 3 weeks. Two weeks of incubation were sufficient for the formation of plant‐available P in the fertilizer/soil mixtures. In a pot experiment, the DGT technique predicted maize (Zea mays L.) biomass yield and P uptake significantly more accurately than standard chemical extraction tests for P fertilizers (e.g ., water, citric acid, and neutral ammonium citrate). Therefore, the DGT technique can be recommended as a reliable and robust method to screen the performance of different types of sewage sludge‐based P fertilizers for maize cultivation minimizing the need for time‐consuming and costly pot or field experiments.     

Comparative efficiency of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria under greenhouse conditions for promoting growth and aloin-A content of Aloe barbadensis

This study was conducted with Aloe barbadensis in order to investigate the efficacy of four phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB), Pseudomonas synxantha 10223, Burkholderia gladioli 10242, Enterobacter hormaechei 10240 and Serratia marcescens 10241 to solubilize Mussorie rock phosphate (MRP) and to evaluate its effects on growth, soluble P content and P uptake compared with control, i.e. uninoculated plants. Pot experiments were conducted in a greenhouse, in soil supplemented with MRP. Each PSB treatment showed different effects on different plant growth parameters. The maximum increase in leaf length (23.7%), total number of leaves (33.33%) and dry rind weight (69.10%) was observed in plants treated with P. synxantha 10223 compared with control. Whereas, maximum increase in root length (23.43%), fresh leaves weight (79.03%), dry gel weight (113.08%) and total gel volume (112.10%), was observed in plants treated with S. marcescens 10241 compared with uninoculated plants. Maximum increase in aloin-A content [114.92% (per g dry gel weight) and 322.32% (per plant dry gel weight)] was observed in plants treated with P. synxantha 10223 compared with control plants. Root colonization by inoculated PSB as estimated by RAPD technique showed that all PSB were able to survive in the rhizosphere of Aloe plants.     

海水磷酸盐分析方法的优化和试剂稳定性研究

对《海洋调查规范》中测定海水磷酸盐的常规方法进行了优化 ,达到了简化过程 ,缩短分析时间以适应水下现场自动分析的目标。此外 ,实验还对磷酸盐测定所使用的试剂及标准贮备液的稳定性进行了一系列的研究 ,改进试剂保存方法 ,延长试剂使用寿命 ,以满足长期现场测定的要求