基因型和环境对小麦种子活力的影响

为了明确环境、基因型及其互作对小麦种子活力的影响,以湖北省小麦区域试验三个试点的16个小麦新品种(系)为材料,对收获后的种子进行发芽率、幼苗干重及简易活力指数的计算并进行了统计分析,结果表明:(1)发芽率、幼苗干重及其简易活力指数在地点间、品种(系)间差异均达到了极显著水平,且品种(系)间的差异均比地点间的差异大,发芽率和简易活力指数的地点×品种(系)互作(GEI)间差异也达到了极显著水平。(2)发芽率和简易活力指数以武汉最高,且与其他地点的差异达极显著水平;而幼苗干重则以荆州最高,与武汉差异不显著。(3)鄂麦27和楚0805的发芽率较高,襄麦27和河科大9612的幼苗干重最高,而鄂麦27的简易活力指数最高。(4)简易活力指数与发芽率呈极显著正相关,与幼苗干重呈不显著的正相关,而发芽率与幼苗干重呈不显著的负相关。     

白叶枯病菌xopXoo基因在致病性中的作用

辣椒斑点病菌(Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria,Xcv)在非寄主烟草上的过敏反应与xopX基因有关,但在白叶枯病菌(Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, Xoo)基因组中并未标注xopX同源基因的功能。为研究白叶枯病菌中xopX同源基因在致病性中的作用,对白叶枯病菌的xopXoo基因进行了克隆和突变,并对xopXoo突变体在非寄主烟草上的过敏反应、水稻苗期的水浸症状以及成株期的致病性和病菌生长能力进行了分析。测定结果显示,xopXoo基因突变并不改变白叶枯病菌在烟草上激发过敏反应和在水稻上产生水浸症状能力,但突变菌株在成株期水稻上的致病性和菌体生长能力显著下降。遗传互补能够恢复xopXoo突变体的致病性和菌体生长能力,表明xopXoo是白叶枯病菌的致病性基因。还对白叶枯病菌激发非寄主烟草产生过敏反应的可能基因进行了讨论。     

北部冬麦区旱地小麦品种的演变规律

为了给北部冬麦区旱地小麦育种提供参考,利用1986-2015年国家北部冬麦区旱地小麦长治区试点参试品种的试验资料,研究其演变规律,并对产量和主要农艺性状进行相关和通径分析。结果表明,28年间北部冬麦区旱地小麦品种产量呈逐年递增趋势,年平均遗传进展分别为68.163kg·hm~(-2)或1.57%。主要农艺性状演变的总趋势是,有效穗数和千粒重增加,穗粒数略有减少,株高降低,抽穗期和成熟期提前,灌浆期延长,其年平均遗传进展分别为0.18%、0.26%、-0.03%、-0.26%、-0.12%、-0.05%、0.17%。从产量及主要农艺性状变化趋势和变异情况及区域布局、气候条件和育种现状分析,选育抗旱节水性好、高产稳产适应性广的品种是北部冬麦区旱地小麦育种面临的挑战和最终目标。为了适应当前耕作制度、生产条件和气候变化的影响,北部冬麦区旱地品种选育应在加强品种抗旱节水性选择的基础上,通过适当降低株高增强抗倒性来进一步增加穗数,通过选育穗子较大、小穗数适中、结实性好的品种来提高穗粒数,通过选择灌浆期长且灌浆速率高的品种来提高品种的千粒重。     

中国水稻白叶枯病菌小种C8菌株无毒基因的分离及功能鉴别

 白叶枯病菌与水稻间的互作符合基因对基因模式,不同小种中存在特异的avrBs3/pthA家族基因。对中国水稻白叶枯病菌小种C8菌株基因组DNA进行BamHⅠ酶切和Southern杂交,发现了其特有的约6.0 kb大小、含avrBs3/pthA家族基因的信号条带。经文库筛选、Southern杂交和限制性酶切分析,获得了C8小种avr/pthC8a基因。将该基因导入菲律宾小种6 的代表菌株PXO99A中,发现avr/pthC8a可使PXO99A丧失对水稻品种Asominori（携有成株期抗性基因Xa17）的毒性,暗示avr/pthC8a可能是与Xa17相应的无毒基因。序列分析发现,avr/pthC8a基因大小为3816 bp,编码1272个氨基酸,由102 bp编码的34个氨基酸重复单元在基因内的重复数为20.5个,其3′端的BamHⅠ酶切位点由GGATCC突变为AGATCC,其他特征均与avrBs3/pthA家族的成员相似,即C端存在1个亮氨酸拉链、3个核定位信号和1个酸性转录激活域。avr/pthC8a基因3′端的BamHⅠ酶切位点发生突变在avrBs3/pthA家族基因中鲜有报道。中国C8小种avr/pthC8a基因的发掘,为进一步了解水稻黄单胞菌毒性变异以及avrBs3/pthA家族基因的进化提供了理论依据。     

Grain number and grain weight in wheat lines contrasting for stem water soluble carbohydrate concentration

In wheat, the ability to store and remobilise large amounts of stem water soluble carbohydrates (WSC) to grain constitutes a desirable trait to incorporate into germplasm targeted to regions with frequent terminal drought. The main aim of this paper was to examine the relationships between WSC storage, grain number and grain weight across several environments. A small set of recombinant inbred lines (2–4) contrasting in stem WSC were grown in six field trials where water availability, sowing date and/or N level were manipulated, with line yields ranging from 400 to 850 g m⁻² across experiments. Biomass, N and WSC concentration (WSCc, mg g⁻¹ dry weight) and amount (WSCa, g m⁻²) were monitored. A resource-oriented area-based model [Fischer, R.A., 1984. Growth and yield of wheat. In: Smith, W.H., Bante, S.J. (Eds.), Potential Productivity of Field Crops Under Different Environments. International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, pp. 129–154] and intrinsic rates of organ growth were used to investigate the consequences on grain number of potential competition between spike and stem around flowering.     

云南铁壳麦抗条锈病基因的SSR分子初步检测

为探讨云南小麦亚种(Triticum aestivumssp yunnanense King,俗称铁壳麦)不同品种可能携带的已知和未知的抗条锈病基因,用38对与51个已知小麦抗条锈病基因连锁的SSR引物,对37份云南铁壳麦进行了SSR分子检测。结果显示,云南铁壳麦携带有丰富的与已知抗条锈病基因Yr9、Yr10、Yr29、Yr41、YrTp1、YrSM139、YrSP、YrGn6、Yrvav-B1、YrSyria、YrXu、YrM8003和YrCD等连锁的SSR位点,其中24份具有与中国春相同或类似、且与Yr18连锁的Xgwm295标记。用8对引物Xgwm582、Xwmc477、Xwmc364、Xg-wm429、Xwmc702、Xwmc438、Xwmc810和Xgdm116检测到部分云南铁壳麦携带来自黑麦的Yr9和YrM8003、长穗偃麦草的YrTp1和YrTp2、华山新麦草的YrHy和中间偃麦草的Yr88375和YrZhong22抗条锈病基因的片段,并可能含有抗条锈病新基因,应重视其发掘与定位研究;许多云南铁壳麦含有高度慢条锈病的Yr18基因,应在云南小麦新品种选育中高度重视和加以利用。     

转抗菌肽B基因和bar基因籼稻植株的再生

 运用基因枪法将含有bar基因和cecropin B基因的质粒pCB1导入籼稻品种特青的幼胚细胞,筛选后得到3株转基因植株。PCR检测和Southern杂交结果表明,外源基因已整合到水稻基因组中。转化当代植株表现出对Basta很强的抗性,同时也增强了对水稻白叶枯病的抗性。     

普通小麦“宁7840×Clark”RIL群体抗条锈病QTL分析(英文)

为了解小麦条锈病抗病基因在染色体上的位置,对源自小麦杂交组合宁7840×Clark的重组自交系(RIL)群体进行了抗条锈病QTL分析。结果表明,在染色体1BS上检测到一个主效的QTL即QYr-hwwg-1B。该QTL由抗病亲本宁7840提供,位于SNP标记Xsnp3620和Xsnp5435之间,区间长度为2.5cM,可解释55.8%的表型变异。根据宁7840的小种抗性推测QYr-hwwg-1B可能是由来自1B/1R易位系的抗病基因Yr9引起的。抗性基因Yr9、Yr10、Yr15、Yr24、Yr26、YrH52和YrAlp均位于小麦1B染色体短臂的一端,形成一个抗条锈基因簇,并与SSR标记Xgwm11紧密连锁。另外,有56个SNP标记与该标记区间共分离,可以用于小麦抗条锈基因精细定位图谱的构建及分子标记辅助选择育种。     

Effects of transition season management on soil N dynamics and system N balances in rice–wheat rotations of Nepal

In the low-input rice–wheat production systems of Nepal, the N nutrition of both crops is largely based on the supply from soil pools. Declining yield trends call for management interventions aiming at the avoidance of native soil N losses. A field study was conducted at two sites in the lowland and the upper mid-hills of Nepal with contrasting temperature regimes and durations of the dry-to-wet season transition period between the harvest of wheat and the transplanting of lowland rice. Technical options included the return of the straw of the preceding wheat crop, the cultivation of short-cycled crops during the transition season, and combinations of both. Dynamics of soil N_min, nitrate leaching, nitrous oxide emissions, and crop N uptake were studied throughout the year between 2004 and 2005 and partial N balances of the cropping systems were established. In the traditional system (bare fallow between wheat and rice) a large accumulation of soil nitrate N and its subsequent disappearance upon soil saturation occurred during the transition season. This nitrate loss was associated with nitrate leaching (6.3 and 12.8 kg ha⁻¹ at the low and high altitude sites, respectively) and peaks of nitrous oxide emissions (120 and 480 mg m⁻² h⁻¹ at the low and high altitude sites, respectively). Incorporation of wheat straw at 3 Mg ha⁻¹ and/or cultivation of a nitrate catch crop during the transition season significantly reduced the build up of soil nitrate and subsequent N losses at the low altitude site. At the high altitude site, cumulative grain yields increased from 2.35 Mg ha⁻¹ with bare fallow during the transition season to 3.44 Mg ha⁻¹ when wheat straw was incorporated. At the low altitude site, the cumulative yield significantly increased from 2.85 Mg ha⁻¹ (bare fallow) to between 3.63 and 6.63 Mg ha⁻¹, depending on the transition season option applied. Irrespective of the site and the land use option applied during the transition season, systems N balances remained largely negative, ranging from −37 to −84 kg N ha⁻¹. We conclude that despite reduced N losses and increased grain yields the proposed options need to be complemented with additional N inputs to sustain long-term productivity.     

硬粒小麦SWAHEN3抗条锈（条中30、31）性状的遗传分析

硬粒小麦SWAHEN3成株期对中国条锈病新小种条中30(CYR30)和条中31(CYR31)免疫-高抗。为明确SWAHEN3抗条锈性状的遗传规律，将SWAHEN3与高感硬粒小麦品种Kappli杂交，获得杂种F