寡糖对向日葵锈菌侵染的影响

为了明确寡糖对向日葵锈菌侵染的影响,在向日葵苗期用寡糖处理并接菌后对锈菌夏孢子的萌发率和侵入率以及气孔开闭进行了观察,并用甲苯胺蓝染色法对入侵位点酚类化合物的积累进行了检测。试验结果表明,与对照相比寡糖处理后锈菌夏孢子的萌发率和侵入率均显著降低,而气孔关闭率显著升高。同时,在接种后12 h时,大量的侵入位点产生了酚类化合物的积累,说明寡糖处理可以有效抑制向日葵锈菌的侵染。     

条锈菌诱导上调表达的小麦腺苷甲硫氨酸脱羧酶（SAMDC）基因的克隆及其特征分析

为了克隆条锈菌诱导上调表达的小麦腺苷甲硫氨酸脱羧酶（SAMDC）基因并研究其在小麦感病、抗病单株苗期抗条锈病防御反应中的作用,以大麦（Hordeum vulgareL.）SAMDC全长cDNA序列为信息探针,采用电子克隆、RACE（Rapid amplification of cDNA ends）和RT-PCR方法,从条锈菌（Puccinia stri-iformisf.sp.tritici）CYR32侵染的小麦（Triticum aestivumL.）抗条锈病新种质NR1121中分离出1个新的小麦SAMDC基因家族成员,命名为TaSAMDC2（GU016570）。TaSAMDC2基因cDNA序列全长2 003 bp,5′非翻译区区域和一个带有Poly（A）的3′非翻译区区域长分别为553和283 bp;该基因的开放阅读框为1 167 bp,编码388个氨基酸,编码的氨基酸序列包含酶原剪切位点和PEST结构域。基因组序列全长2 539bp,位于5′UTR存在一个526 bp长的内含子序列,内含子的剪切位点均符合真核生物GT-AG规则。同源序列分析表明,TaSAMDC2与来自大麦、水稻（Oryza sativaL.）、玉米（Zea maysL.）、一粒小麦（TriticummonococcumL.）4种植物SAMDC蛋白的相似性分别为95.0%、85.0%、80.0%和80.0%。半定量RT-PCR与实时荧光定量PCR分析表明,TaSAMDC2的表达受条锈菌诱导,小麦苗期经条锈菌侵染后,在抗病材料中,该基因于48 hpi上调表达至最高水平,而在感病材料中先下调、上调表达至最高水平明显滞后。结果提示,分离到的是一个条锈菌CYR32诱导后上调表达的小麦SAMDC基因,该基因可能参与了小麦的抗条锈病反应。     

菊花白锈病抗性标准及人工离体接种鉴定方法的优化

为使菊花白锈病的抗性鉴定在可控条件下进行,本文将目测观察与显微镜检方法相结合,制定了菊花白锈病6级抗性鉴定标准,并优化了人工离体接种方法。结果表明,培养瓶内茎段扦插法、培养皿内平铺叶片法均可用于菊花白锈病的离体鉴定;培养瓶内茎段扦插法优于培养皿内平铺叶片法,是最佳的人工离体接种鉴定方法。该优化方法是评价菊花白锈病抗性的既安全又简单的接种方法。     

小麦条锈菌群体温度敏感性测定

小麦条锈病由小麦条锈菌(Puccinia striiformi Westend.)引起,该病害发生范围广、流行频率高、危害损失重.小麦条锈菌侵染与繁殖均需要较低温度,过去研究表明,条锈菌在夏季最热旬均温23℃以下地区才能越夏[1].近年调查研究发现,小麦条锈菌的越夏海拔下限明显降低,病菌在夏季最热旬的旬均温超过23℃的地区也能越夏.研究不同地区和不同年代小麦条锈菌群体对温度的敏感性,有助于了解温度对条锈菌群体进化的影响,明确在小麦条锈菌群体中是否产生了耐高温菌株,为小麦条锈病菌源区勘界、病害流行测报等提供科学依据.本文报道了对小麦条锈菌群体温度敏感性的初步研究结果. 1 材料与方法 1.1试验材料 1.1.1供试菌株采自全国不同流行区、不同年代的小麦条锈菌标样,经分离纯化后获得126个条锈菌菌株.     

2010-2011年度我国小麦条锈菌生理专化研究

为给小麦条锈病预测及防控策略制定与实施提供科学依据,2010-2011年对采自全国14个省(市、自治区)的条锈菌标样进行了生理小种鉴定和分析。结果表明,在1 014份标样中,共监测到133个致病类型,其中CYR33出现频率达19.7%,与2009-2010年的23.7%相比略有下降,连续二年超过CYR32,居于首位;CYR32出现频率为18.1%(2009-2010年为21.6%),位居第二,主要分布在陕、甘、川地区。供试标样中还有44份被鉴定为贵农22致病类群,出现频率为4.3%,主要分布在四川、甘肃和云南三省,陕西、青海、山西、新疆、贵州和西藏等地亦有分布,应引起育种和推广部门的高度重视。     

内生真菌对感染锈病黑麦草生长和生理的影响

在田间条件下对带内生真菌和不带内生真菌球道黑麦草品种被锈菌不同程度感染后的生长、光合特性和生理指标进行测定。结果表明,带内生真菌的植株无论感病轻重,其病叶损失率和植株矮化程度均显著低于不带内生真菌的植株(P<0.05)。并且在轻度和重度病株中,内生真菌可提高黑麦草叶片相对含水量、可溶性糖含量、叶绿素含量,净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度,叶内游离脯氨酸含量、超氧化物歧化酶与过氧化物酶的活性;同时有效地降低了丙二醛的含量,说明内生真菌的存在可提高寄主黑麦草在田间条件下的抗锈病能力。     

感染“中四”小麦条锈菌T4新菌系的寄生适合度研究

 为预测T4新菌系在我国未来小麦条锈菌的流行趋势,本研究以高感品种铭贤169为试材,以我国条锈菌5个主要流行小种（菌系）CYR29、CYR31、CYR32、CYR33、Su11-4为对照,采用主成分分析法测定了T4新菌系的寄生适合度。结果表明：在供试菌系范围内,决定其寄生适合度属性的3个主成分依次为条锈菌的侵染能力、扩展能力和产孢能力(繁殖力);通过建立数学模型计算供试菌系的侵染能力、扩展能力和产孢能力,结果表明：CYR33和CYR32相对寄生适合度较高,Su11-4的寄生适合度居中,CYR31及CYR29其寄生适合度较低,而感染“中四”苗期的新菌系T4,相对寄生适合度最低。结合该菌系对我国目前推广品种和后备品种致病性和毒性结果分析,该菌系在今后一段时间内不会成为我国小麦条锈菌的优势菌系。     

The development of a PCR-based method for detecting <Emphasis Type="Italic">Puccinia striiformis</Emphasis> latent infections in wheat leaves

Stripe rust of wheat caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici is one of the most important diseases on wheat worldwide, especially in temperate regions with cool moist weather conditions. A rapid and reliable detection of the pathogen in latent infected wheat leaves during overwintering of the fungus in the dormant stage will contribute to determine the initial inoculum potential and thus to predict early outbreak and to improve effective management of the disease. To achieve this aim, a PCR-based method was developed for specific and sensitive detection of P. striiformis. Specific primers were designed according to a genome-specific sequence of P. striiformis. To evaluate the specificity of the primers, seven different isolates and races of P. striiformis as well as six other pathogens of wheat were tested. All isolates of P. striiformis yielded a distinct band of a fragment of 470 bp, while using DNA of the other wheat pathogens as a template no amplification product was detected. The sensitivity of the primers was tested using serial dilutions of total DNA from P. striiformis; the limit of detection was 10 pg of DNA. Using extracts from P. striiformis-infected wheat leaves, the fungus could be determined in the leaves before symptoms appeared. The stripe rust could also be detected in the dormant stage by the PCR assay in samples of wheat leaves taken during the winter season. The application of the PCR assay may be useful for rapid and reliable detection of P. striiformis in latent infected leaves of overwintering wheat plants.     

Application of pathogen surveys,disease nurseries and varietal resistance characteristics in an IPM approach for the control of wheat yellow rust

The present paper presents the rationale for the use of pathogen surveys, inoculated and non-inoculated disease nurseries and varietal resistance characteristics in an integrated approach to control wheat yellow rust in Denmark. The non-inoculated disease observation plots, which gave valuable information about yellow rust at the year, site and variety level, served as the primary sample source for the pathogen survey revealing pathogen virulence dynamics. This survey was also the main source for isolates of new pathotypes, a prerequisite for the assessment of the resistance characteristics of varieties and breeding lines in inoculated nurseries, and the postulation of race-specific resistance genes. A simple grouping of varieties into four categories with respect to resistance to the current yellow rust population proved robust, and this grouping was used as a determinant in a web-based decision support system for pesticide applications in cereals, Crop Protection On-line (CPO). The interplay between the different research and survey activities in the integrated pest management (IPM) approach demonstrated the need for a coherent and long-term involvement at all stages from plant breeding to the official variety approval system, extension service and research in disease epidemiology and resistance genetics.     

Genetic mapping,marker assisted selection and allelic relationships for the Pu6 gene conferring rust resistance in sunflower

Rust resistance in the sunflower line P386 is controlled by Pu₆, a gene which was reported to segregate independently from other rust resistant genes, such as R₄. The objectives of this work were to map Pu₆, to provide and validate molecular tools for its identification, and to determine the linkage relationship of Pu₆ and R₄. Genetic mapping of Pu₆ with six markers covered 24.8 cM of genetic distance on the lower end of linkage Group 13 of the sunflower consensus map. The marker most closely linked to Pu₆ was ORS316 at 2.5 cM in the distal position. ORS316 presented five alleles when was assayed with a representative set of resistant and susceptible lines. Allelism test between Pu₆ and R₄ indicated that both genes are linked at a genetic distance of 6.25 cM. This is the first confirmation based on an allelism test that at least two members of the R_adv/R₄/R₁₁/ R_13a/R_13b/Pu₆ cluster of genes are at different loci. A fine elucidation of the architecture of this complex locus will allow designing and constructing completely new genomic regions combining genes from different resistant sources and the elimination of the linkage drag around each resistant gene.