Nisin处理对冷藏兔肉贮藏特性的影响研究

以细菌总数和一些理化特性(挥发性盐基氮、pH值和生物胺)为检测指标,研究了Nisin对兔肉在0~2℃贮藏下的保鲜效果。研究发现,贮藏7 d内,Nisin处理组的菌落总数随着贮藏期间的延长反而减少,当超过7 d以后,Nisin处理组的菌落总数开始增加,贮藏后期处理组的菌落总数同对照组差异不大。在贮藏期间内,Nisin处理组的TVB-N值和尸胺的含量都低于对照组。通过PCR-DGGE发现,Nisin处理完全抑制了溶酪大球菌的生长,但是对污染的其他革兰氏阴性菌,如假单胞菌和气单胞菌没有抑制作用。研究结果说明冷鲜兔肉贮藏期间,通过Nisin处理只能通过抑制革兰氏阳性菌(如溶酪大球菌)的生长来起到短期的保鲜作用。     

防治烟草野火病拮抗细菌菌株的筛选

从多种植株根际土壤中和烟草叶面分离到188个细菌分离物,室内抑菌圈法测定抑菌效果,温室测定防效,结果筛选出有明显抑菌作用的菌株21个,温室采用高压喷雾接种烟草野火病菌株,普通喷雾接种生防菌菌株,建立了以病斑减轻率和病斑扩展抑制率2个指标的活体筛选方法,温室防效试验筛选出防效较好的菌株6个,其中2e,1010D防效较好,其次为C3和3g。病斑减轻率为58％～91％,病斑扩展抑制率为56．58％～78．08％。这为生产上防治烟草野火病提供了新思路。     

冷却猪肉中假单胞菌生长预测模型的建立与验证

以从腐败猪肉中分离得到的假单胞菌P1,P2,P3,P4,P5,P6的混合培养物为受试菌液,应用Origin7．5软件拟合假单胞菌0-10℃下的生长情况。经比较发现,修正的Gompertz模型对假单胞菌生长曲线的拟合效果优于线性模型,R2均在0．96以上。应用平方根模型和Arrhenius模型对由修正的Gompertz模型得出的最大比生长速率进行拟合,所得Arrhenius模型的R2为0．9716,拟合效果优于平方根模型（R2为0．9326）。结果表明,所建二级模型,能真实快速有效地预测0-10℃冷藏条件下假单胞菌的生长。     

节杆菌与施氏假单胞菌对甲基对硫磷的共降解研究

为实现对有机磷农药甲基对硫磷的彻底降解,研究利用有机磷农药降解菌施氏假单胞菌YC-YH1与对硝基苯酚降解菌CN2对甲基对硫磷进行共降解试验,同时克隆了参与降解过程的相关基因,并对2株菌株在对甲基对硫磷污染土壤的原位修复中的效果进行研究。结果表明,与YC-YH1单独降解相比,YC-YH1和CN2共降解在处理前32 h无较大差异;但之后,甲基对硫磷和对硝基苯酚的降解速度明显加快,处理48 h后甲基对硫磷即被完全降解,比单独用YC-H1降解时提前了16 h,处理64 h时对硝基苯酚就被完全降解。而土壤修复的研究结果表明,菌株YC-YH1与CN2能够高效降解甲基对硫磷,72 h对土壤中100 mg/kg甲基对硫磷的降解率接近100%,尤以未灭菌土壤中降解效果更好。     

具有解钾活性假单胞菌的分离与鉴定

[目的]分离并鉴定具有解钾活性假单胞菌。[方法]以农田土壤为样本,在钾长石粉为唯一钾源的选择性培养基上分离并纯化解钾菌,并通过形态观察和16S r DNA序列分析对分离到的细菌进行鉴定。[结果]经梯度稀释涂布和平板划线分离,经初筛获得8株生长良好并具有解钾透明圈的细菌。将初筛后获得的细菌菌株进行发酵培养,利用原子吸收分光光度法测定发酵上清液中的速效钾含量,从中筛选出解钾能力较强的1株假单胞菌K3。通过形态观察发现,该菌株为革兰氏阴性杆菌。16S r DNA序列分析结果表明,该菌株与荧光假单胞菌F113亲缘关系最近,初步确定该菌株属假单胞菌属。[结论]该研究为微生物钾肥的开发提供了新的试材。     

猪源绿脓杆菌的分离鉴定及16S rRNA基因同源性分析

从解剖病变为心包炎、纤维素性肺炎、肺脓肿的病死仔猪体内分离到1株细菌,通过形态特征观察、生化试验,将分离菌株初步鉴定为绿脓杆菌。动物致病性试验结果显示,分离菌株对小鼠具有很强的致病性。药敏试验结果显示,分离菌株对氧氟沙星、恩诺沙星高度敏感,对头孢噻肟、庆大霉素中度敏感,对青霉素、氟苯尼考、氨苄西林、阿莫西林、强力霉素、卡那霉素等耐药。将分离菌株的16S rRNA基因序列与Gen Bank中发表的绿脓杆菌序列进行Blast比对,结果表明,分离菌株与绿脓杆菌不同菌株的同源性高达99%以上,进一步确定分离菌株为绿脓杆菌。基于16S rRNA基因序列,使用MEGA 5.05软件,构建系统进化树,结果表明,分离菌株与病人痰液和腹泻婴儿分离菌株的同源性最高,与未加工水果分离菌株同源性最低。     

奶牛隐性乳房炎三种致病菌的多重PCR检测方法的建立

为建立快速并能同时检测无乳链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、绿脓杆菌3种奶牛隐性乳房炎致病菌的方法,根据无乳链球菌16S rRNA基因、金黄色葡萄球菌NUC耐热基因、绿脓杆菌ETA基因序列并参考文献各合成一对特异性引物,通过对PCR反应各项参数的调整优化,建立多重PCR检测体系,并同时进行灵敏性试验和特异性试验。结果显示:该检测方法可以同时扩增出无乳链球菌270 bp、金黄色葡萄球菌153 bp和绿脓杆菌375 bp的特异性片段以及细菌16S rRNA 1 500 bp的通用片段,而对于其他的6种病原菌只能扩增出1 500 bp的通用片段,具有较强的特异性。三种特异性引物扩增条带与GenBank上的细菌基因序列同源性为99%。增菌培养24 h,该体系对无乳链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、绿脓杆菌的最低灵敏度分别为8×10⁴、4×10⁴、1.5×10⁵ CFU·mL^-1。本研究建立的检测方法能够完成无乳链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、绿脓杆菌的快速检测,对于生产上奶牛隐性乳房炎的鉴别诊断和快速检测具有重大意义。     

2株邻苯二甲酸酯高效降解菌的筛选鉴定及其降解性能

为获得用于修复邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)污染的高效降解菌,通过富集培养的方法从土壤中筛选出2株PAEs降解菌(RXX-2、RXX-3),经形态观察、生化鉴定和16S r DNA序列分析对菌株进行了鉴定,并对其降解性能进行了分析。结果表明:菌株RXX-2和RXX-3初步鉴定为食异源物鞘氨醇菌(Sphingobium xenophagum)和鳗败血假单胞菌(Pseudomonas anguilliseptica)。菌株RXX-2降解PAEs的最佳条件为p H 8、温度30℃、转速175 r·min~(-1)、接种量1.5%;菌株RXX-3降解PAEs的最佳条件为p H 7、温度30℃、转速175 r·min~(-1)、接种量1.0%。在最佳降解条件下,经过5 d的培养,菌株RXX-2对邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)和邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)的降解率分别达到71.43%和52.85%,RXX-3对DBP和DEHP的降解率分别达到98.98%和62.96%,表明2株降解菌在PAEs污染环境的生物修复方面具有良好的应用前景。     

Effect of biocontrol agents and biofertilizers on root rot,yield, harvest index and nutrient uptake of cassava (Manihot esculanta Crantz)

Cassava is an important subsidiary food and industrial raw material in the tropics. Root rot disease, caused by Phytophthora palmivora, poses a serious threat to cassava cultivation in Tamil Nadu, India. Field experiments (2008–09) were conducted to study the effect of biocontrol agents (Trichoderma spp. and Pseudomonas fluorescens) and biofertilizers (Azospirillum, vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria) on root rot, yield, harvest index and nutrient uptake of cassava at two NPK rates. The design of the experiment was a split plot with two NPK rates, recommended and 50% recommended rate, as the main plot treatments and five biocontrol agents and biofertilizers as subplot treatments. The results clearly indicated that use of a bioinoculants consortium significantly reduced root rot infection/disease incidence over uninoculated controls. Azospirillum significantly improved the yield of cassava at 50% of the recommended rate of NPK. NPK rates had no significant impact on harvest index of cassava and Trichoderma and vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi resulted in a higher harvest index even at 50% of the recommended NPK rate. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake was significantly improved when treated with biofertilizers and/or a consortium.     

Control of Phytophthora cryptogea in the hydroponic forcing of witloof chicory with the rhamnolipid-based biosurfactant formulation PRO1

Rhamnolipids, extracellular metabolites of Pseudomonas aeruginosa with surfactant properties, proved to be very effective in controlling the spread of brown root rot disease caused by Phytophthora cryptogea in the hydroponic forcing system of witloof chicory ( Cichorium intybus var. foliosum ). The biosurfactant was applied as the product PRO1, a formulation of 25% rhamnolipids in oil. Both an in vitro screening and in vivo experiments in a mini-hydroponic system demonstrated the ability of PRO1 to control brown root rot. A 25  µ g mL⁻¹ rhamnolipids nutrient solution was enough to obtain good control of an artificial infection with a zoospore suspension of P. cryptogea . The biosurfactant PRO1 performed well in a semicommercial system under growers' conditions. A treatment of 25  µ g mL⁻¹ rhamnolipids (100  µ g mL⁻¹ PRO1) reduced the disease incidence significantly in two independent experiments. However, PRO1 was not effective when a mycelial suspension was used as inoculum. Rhamnolipids have good potential to limit the spread of P. cryptogea in the hydroponic forcing system of witloof chicory, and can be used as a preventive measure against brown root rot.