罗非鱼鱼排蛋白酶解液美拉德反应生香工艺优化研究

为了对罗非鱼鱼排蛋白酶解液美拉德反应生香工艺进行研究,以风味总体接受性为指标,对反应温度、时间、pH值、还原糖添加量4个因素采用响应面法进行多元回归拟合,优化美拉德反应条件,并用HPLC、GC-MS对反应产物进行分析。结果表明：美拉德反应最佳工艺条件为反应时间57 min,反应温度111℃,pH 6.0,还原糖（葡萄糖:木糖=2:1）添加量2.0%;反应产物中有机酸含量较反应前酶解液中有机酸含量丰富,核酸关联物较反应前多了呈味的鸟苷酸;反应产物中挥发性成分包括68种风味化合物,分别是醇类6种、醛类7种、酮类5种、芳香族7种、酯类11种、呋喃8种、吡嗪9种、吡咯1种、烃类7种、酸类5种和含硫化合物2种。罗非鱼鱼排蛋白酶解液经美拉德反应,产物呈透明红褐色,具有独特的鱼香味（香味浓郁）。     

Gross nitrogen mineralisation rates in pastural soils and their relationships with organic nitrogen fractions, microbial biomass and protease activity under glasshouse conditions

In this study, gross nitrogen (N) mineralisation rates were determined in six pasture soils (Fleming, Kairanga, Karapoti, Lismore, Templeton and Waikoikoi) from three different regions of New Zealand. The soils were kept under controlled soil water potential (–10 to –30 kPa) and temperature (12–20°C) conditions in a glasshouse. The gross N mineralisation rates ranged from 0.76 to 5.87 g N g^–1 soil day^–1 in the six soils and were positively correlated with the amount of amino acid-N (AA-N), ammonia-N (NH₃-N), total hydrolysable-N (TH-N), microbial biomass-carbon (MB-C), microbial biomass-N (MB-N), protease activity and organic C and N. A stepwise regression was used to generate equations that could best describe gross N mineralisation rates. Microbial biomass-carbon and AA-N were included in the equation that best described the gross N mineralisation rate:

黄曲霉固态发酵麻疯树饼粕产蛋白酶及其酶学性质研究

[目的]利用黄曲霉固态发酵麻疯树饼粕产蛋白酶,研究产酶工艺条件及其酶学性质。[方法]将黄曲霉接种含麻疯树饼粕的固体发酵培养基,采用福林法测定在不同湿度条件、不同碳源或氮源条件以及不同培养时间下所产蛋白酶的活力。饱和硫酸铵法纯化蛋白酶,并测定其在不同催化温度、不同pH条件和不同有机溶剂处理下的活力,分析其催化动力学。[结果]控制相对湿度为50%,向培养基中添加0.10g/ml乳糖和0.02g/ml蛋白胨,30℃下发酵5d,蛋白酶活力最高。蛋白酶的最适催化温度为45℃,最适作用pH值为6.0,最大催化速度Vmax为3333.33μg/min,Km为31.25mg/ml,有机溶剂可以适当提高蛋白酶活力。[结论]利用黄曲霉固态发酵产蛋白酶是利用麻疯树饼粕的有效途径。     

响应面法优化酶解提取金枪鱼鱼油的工艺研究

[目的]研究蛋白酶提取鱼油的工艺,为鱼油的提取研究提供参考。[方法]利用金枪鱼蒸煮油水混合液为原料,采用胰蛋白酶进行水解,以鱼油提取率为考察指标,采用响应面分析方法研究酶解提取金枪鱼鱼油的最佳工艺条件。[结果]试验得到酶解提取金枪鱼鱼油的最佳工艺条件为:加酶量1.71%、pH 7.94、时间4.22 h、温度44℃,在该条件下制备的鱼油提取率达90.23%。经脱胶、脱酸、脱色及脱臭制得的鱼油符合精制鱼油1级标准,其中DHA和EPA含量分别为27.71%和5.94%。[结论]采用胰蛋白酶对金枪鱼蒸煮油水混合液进行水解提取鱼油具有一定的可行性。     

Studies on digestibility and digestive enzyme activities in Labeo rohita (Hamilton) juveniles: effect of microbial α-amylase supplementation in non-gelatinized or gelatinized corn-based diet at two protein levels

A 60-days feeding trial was conducted to delineate the effect of both gelatinized and non-gelatinized corn with or without supplementation with exogenous α-amylase at two dietary protein levels (35% and 28%) on dry matter digestibility, digestive enzymes and tissue glycogen content of Labeo rohita juveniles. Three hundred and sixty juveniles (average weight 10±0.15 g] were randomly distributed into 12 treatment groups with each of two replicates. Twelve semi-purified diets containing either 35% or 28% crude protein were prepared by including gelatinized (G) or non-gelatinized (NG) corn as carbohydrate source with different level of microbial α-amylase (0, 50, 100 and 150 mg kg⁻¹). The dry matter digestibility of G corn fed groups was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that of the NG corn fed groups. Hepatosomatic index (HSI), liver glycogen and intestinal amylase activity of G starch fed groups were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those of the NG corn fed groups. However, the reverse trend was found for gastrosomatic index (GSI), muscle glycogen and intestinal protease activity. Addition of 50 mg α-amylase kg⁻¹ feed improved the dry matter digestibility of NG starch fed groups, which was similar to that of the G corn fed groups or NG corn supplemented with 100/150 mg α-amylase kg⁻¹ feed. HSI, liver glycogen and intestinal amylase activity were significantly increased (P < 0.05) at minimum level of α-amylase in the feed (50 mg kg⁻¹) and did not increase due to further inclusion of amylase in the diet. Supplementation with α-amylase at 50 mg kg⁻¹ increased the intestinal amylase activity beyond which no significant changes were observed. Protease activity of liver and intestine was highest (P < 0.05) in higher crude protein (CP) fed groups, but protease activity of the intestine was significantly higher in the α-amylase supplemented groups. Hence, it was concluded that feed with 28% CP containing either G corn without α-amylase or NG corn with 50 mg α-amylase kg⁻¹ may be used as the alternative carbohydrate source for L. rohita juveniles.     

Digestive Proteases of Pacu,Piaractus mesopotamicus,Fed on Distinct Protein-Starch Diets

Abstract

Fish adjust the enzyme profile to dietary protein and carbohydrate. A balance of nutrients optimizes the enzyme profile and metabolic performance offish. Dietary levels (10, 20, 30 and 40%) were combined to four levels of starch (57, 32, 21 and 4%) to feed juvenile pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus. Acid and alkaline proteases were color-imetrically determined by hemoglobin and azocasein hydrolysis, respectively. Liver, white and red muscle glycogen, glucose and free amino acids were colorimetrically quantified. Those enzyme activities were induced by dietary protein. Enzyme responses to the feeding and the metabolic profile of the tissues suggest the best protein/starch ratio as 30%/21%. The highest levels of protein (30%-40%) impaired nutrient uptake.     

黑龙江几个大豆品种中抗营养因子含量的分析

本研究测定了１３个黑龙江大豆品种中的抗营养因子含量,包括胰蛋白酶抑制因子,糜蛋白酶抑制因子,凝集素。发现高蛋白含量的“东农４２”品种抗因子含量最低,ＴＩＡ为３６．７２ｍｇ／ｇ,ＣＩＡ为７．９８ｍｇ／ｇ,凝集素为１．９７ｍｇ／ｇ。脂用型品种“７１４３５”的蛋白质含量低,抗因子成分的含量却是最高,ＴＩＡ６２．２５ｍｇ／ｇ,ＣＩＡ３５．６１ｍｇ／ｇ,凝集素为３．８６ｍｇ／ｇ。     

Drugs from bugs: the use of insects as a valuable source of transgenes with potential in modern plant protection strategies

Transgenic expression of antimicrobial peptides in crops has become a novel approach among the strategies to combat phytopathogens in modern plant protection measures. The first antimicrobial transgenes of insect origin, modified cecropins, have been demonstrated to confer resistance of several transgenic cultivars against both bacterial and fungal phytopathogens. Insects represent a promising reservoir for antimicrobial peptides to engineer disease resistant crops. The increasing knowledge about the potent insect innate immunity may help to develop a novel strategy in sustainable agriculture. Several approaches are presently under investigation to prevent evolution of phytopathogens that can overcome disease resistance in transgenic crops expressing an insect antimicrobial peptide. Pathogen-induced expression of insect antimicrobial peptides in crops and combined multiple expression of different antimicrobial peptides along with proteinase inhibitors from insects may prevent selection of resistant phytopathogens. The potential of insect antimicrobial peptides as transgenes to render disease resistant crops has just started to be explored and may provide tools to be ahead of the evolutionary adaptability of phytopathogens.     

Digestion of peptidic residues in humic substances by an alkali-stable and humic-acid-tolerant proteolytic activity in the gut of soil-feeding termites

Previous feeding experiments have shown that soil-feeding termites (Termitidae: Termitinae) preferentially mineralize the peptidic component of synthetic humic acids, but nothing was known about the mechanism involved in digestion. Here, we studied the hydrolysis of humus-stabilized peptides in gut extracts of Cubitermes orthognathus by measuring the release of radiolabel from ¹⁴C-peptide-labeled synthetic humic acids. Gut extracts exhibited proteolytic activity over a wide pH range (from 4 to 12) with a maximum at about pH 8. The highest activity was located in the gut section containing the midgut and the extremely alkaline (up to pH 12) mixed segment. Chemical hydrolysis at in situ pH (up to pH 12) was negligible. Proteolytic activity in the hindgut fluid was generally relatively low, but alkaline proteases dominated in the anterior hindgut. When compared to other alkaline proteases, the proteolytic activity of gut extracts had a higher alkali-stability and tolerance to humic acids than subtilisin and an alkaline protease of Streptomyces griseus. Gut extracts also hydrolyzed the peptidic component of synthetic humic acids more efficiently than the commercial enzymes. Together with previous results, this study strongly supports the hypothesis that soil-feeding termites mobilize and digest the peptidic component of organic nitrogen in soil humic substances by a combination of proteolytic activities and extreme alkalinity in their intestinal tract.