长效有机肥与烟草专用肥配施对烟草产量和品质的影响

化肥在提高农业单位面积产量的同时造成了一定的环境污染,长效有机肥的可以在一定程度上解决化肥所造成的环境压力,同时可以提高农业作物的产量和品质。本研究采用长效有机肥与烟草专用肥配施,探究不同肥料配施比例对烟草产量和品质的影响。结果表明,腐殖酸肥与烟草专用肥配合施用,能够增强烟株对气候斑病和赤星病等病害的抗病性,提高烟叶的均价、上等烟比例和上中等烟比例,促进烟叶总植物碱、氧化钾等含量的增加,降低还原糖等含量,化学成分更协调,外观质量和感官质量等有所提高,减少用工量和肥料投入,降低总投入,提高产投比,但同时表现出从移栽到团颗期的生长发育较缓慢。     

固体栽培基质对园艺植物生长发育及生理生化影响研究进展

总结了近几年来国内外固体栽培基质在园艺作物上的生产应用概况,综述了固体栽培基质对园艺作物生长发育、生理生化和光合作用的影响等方面的研究进展,并对固体栽培基质今后的拓展应用和深入研究进行了展望。     

油松采脂对林木生长的影响初探

通过对山西省太岳林区油松采脂试验标地的研究,结果表明:连续2 a采脂对林木胸径和材积生长影响明显,导致林木平均胸径和材积生长率分别降低1.34%、18.62%;连续2 a采脂对树高也存在一定程度的影响,但影响不显著,树高生长率大约降低0.92%。     

飞机草微乳剂对荔枝蒂蛀虫产卵驱避活性的测定

18%飞机草微乳剂在不同浓度下对荔枝蒂蛀虫产卵驱避的试验结果表明,当药液中飞机草氯仿萃取物含量分别为50、100、150、200、250、300、350、400、450μg/mL时,对荔枝蒂蛀虫产卵驱避率分别为71.86%、77.38%、77.38%、81.01%、84.73%、87.09%、88.54%、90.50%、95.26%,说明试验药液中氯仿萃取物含量越多(即浓度越大),驱避效果越好。从经济的角度考虑,建议18%飞机草微乳剂在实际生产中使用浓度以250μg/mL为宜。     

基于AHP-EWM-TOPSIS的温室辣椒最佳调亏灌溉方案优化研究

辣椒对土壤水分非常敏感,传统的灌溉方式以单一追求高产为目的,对农作物进行大量灌溉,辣椒产量的提高往往伴随品质的下降。为选出能平衡产量和品质的最优调亏灌溉方案,本试验以辣椒为研究对象,以全生育期充分供水(75%～85%θ_f,θ_f为田间持水量)作为对照(CK),在3个调亏时期(苗期M、花期H和果期G)分别设置2种调亏程度(轻度水分调亏LS:65%～75%θ_f,重度水分调亏SS:55%～65%θ_f)和2种调亏历时(短期调亏：连续亏水4 d,长期调亏：连续亏水8 d),研究不同调亏处理对辣椒生长、产量和品质的影响。结果表明,在各生育期进行调亏灌溉均会减小辣椒株高、茎粗、叶面积及营养器官干物质。与花期和果期相比,苗期水分调亏对辣椒生长指标及营养器官干物质的抑制程度最大,尤其在苗期长期重度水分调亏(MSS-8)下,营养器官干物质最少,较CK下降27.85%。另外,苗期和花期适度的水分调亏有利于提高辣椒生殖器官干物质和产量,其中,苗期短期轻度(MLS-4)、苗期长期轻度(MLS-8)及花期短期轻度(HLS-4)水...     

内蒙古东部干旱年份玉米需水规律及灌溉制度优化

基于通辽市丰田灌溉试验站3年野外实测试验,对该地区干旱年份玉米需水规律开展研究,结果表明:研究区干旱年份玉米拔节期与抽雄期耗水量占玉米整个生育期的50%以上,耗水强度依次表现为抽雄期拔节期灌浆期苗期,各生育阶段日耗水强度介于0.79~6.50 mm·d~(-1)之间;玉米干旱年份苗期、拔节期水分胁迫处理减产率较小,均未达到显著水平,抽雄期水分胁迫造成的减产量最大,多年平均达10%以上。干旱年份随着玉米耗水量的增加,产量持续增加,而水分生产率先升后降,合理的水分胁迫有利于提高干旱年份水资源的利用效率;同时通过数学模型与动态规划,提出了干旱年份玉米不同灌溉定额条件下的非充分优化灌溉制度,干旱年份应首先保证玉米抽雄期、灌浆期各灌水1次的要求,每次灌水约600 m3·hm-2。     

Analysis of the gacS-gacA regulatory genes of spontaneous mutants of Pseudomonas fluorescens biocontrol strain PfG32R

Pseudomonas fluorescens strain PfG32R, a potential biocontrol agent against soilborne pathogens, frequently loses its antifungal activity and ability to produce enzymes. To characterize genetically the instability of these bacterial functions, we analyzed gacS and gacA genes of PfG32R and three spontaneous mutants of PfG32R (NR1, NR9, and ASW6), which had lost their ability to produce proteases and antifungal activities. The gacS and gacA sequences of PfG32R had 77%–89% and 78%–87% homology, respectively, with several known gacS and gacA homologues. All three spontaneous mutants were subjected to complementation analysis. Introduction of clones containing an intact gacS of PfG32R and another P. fluorescens strain Pf-5 as well as strain tea632 of P. syringae pv. theae complemented all three mutants restoring protease and antifungal activities, indicating a mutation in gacS. In sequencing analysis, the mutants had a deletion or change in amino acids in the conserved sensor kinase domains of GacS. The three mutants maintained both their antibacterial activity against Ralstonia solanacearum and Clavibacter michiganensis ssp. michiganensis and siderophore production, indicating that they are not controlled by the GacS/GacA system. The sequences reported in this article have been deposited in the DDBJ database under accession numbers AB219364 and AB219365.     

Synthesis and insecticidal activities of pyridine ring derivatives of podophyllotoxin

In an attempt to find the biorational pesticides, we synthesized 12 pyridinyl derivatives of podophyllotoxin (PPT) and 4′-demthylepipodophylltoxin (4′-DMEP) in this study. Their structures and the α/β substitution at C-4 were confirmed by ¹H NMR, IR, MS spectral analyses and elemental analysis. The insecticidal activities were tested against fifth-instar larvae of Pieris rapae and the third-instar larvae of Cullex pipiens pallens at concentrations of 250 and 10 μg ml⁻¹. Four derivatives of PPT, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3 and 4.5, showed higher insecticidal activities against P. rapae than PPT, while three derivatives of PPT, 4.4, 4.5 and 4.6, displayed higher mosquito larvicidal activity than PPT, with LC₅₀ values of 1.66, 3.96 and 1.54 mg l⁻¹, respectively. Interestingly, we also found that the pyridine ring derivatives of PPT showed delayed insecticidal activity, which is different from traditional neurotic insecticides. The results suggest that 4′-OCH₃ in the PPT derivatives is essential to keep the insecticidal activity and the insecticidal activities of pyridine ring derivatives of PPT are higher than that of the derivatives of 4′-DMEP, supporting PPT has the potential to be a lead structure of semi-synthetic insecticides.     

辣椒素的抑菌作用及其对某些保护酶活性的影响

 本文对辣椒素的抑菌作用和对寄主体内3种保护酶活性的影响进行了研究,结果表明3.57μg/mL-50.00μg/mL的辣椒素对辣椒枯萎病菌的菌丝生长都有明显的抑制作用,浓度愈高,抑制作用愈强。20μg/mL辣椒素对另外供试的8种病原菌的菌丝具有强烈的抑制作用,其中对番茄灰霉病菌抑制作用最强。辣椒素处理辣椒后1-6 d内,SOD、POD和CAT酶活性的平均增减比率值均明显高于对照,而且对根部和叶部3种保护酶活性的影响显著不同。     

黄腐酸对雾培马铃薯幼苗抗旱性的影响

试验以马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum)幼苗为研究对象,采用雾培装置进行不同黄腐酸用量和干旱胁迫处理(分别为CK,不加黄腐酸和PEG; 10％ PEG;0.01％ FA+ 10％ PEG;0.03％ FA+ 10％ PEG;0.05％ FA+ 10％ PEG和0.10％ FA+ 10％ PEG),分析其对马铃薯生长发育及抗性生理的影响。结果表明,在干旱胁迫下,雾培马铃薯幼苗的成活率、叶绿素含量、膜稳定指数、根系活力、匍匐茎数、结薯率和产量呈下降趋势,而丙二醛(MDA)、过氧化氢(H₂O₂)、脯氨酸、可溶性糖含量和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性及超氧阴离子(O^-₂)产生速率呈上升趋势,过氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性先增加后下降,说明雾培马铃薯幼苗在干旱胁迫下生长发育受到显著抑制,正在遭受逆境胁迫。经黄腐酸处理后,幼苗的成活率、匍匐茎数、结薯率和产量则得到了提高,而叶绿素含量、膜稳定指数和根系活力仍呈下降趋势,但较单一干旱胁迫的下降趋势缓慢,而MDA含量、SOD和POD活性及产生速率呈先升高后下降的趋势,脯氨酸、可溶性糖、H₂O₂含量及CAT活性呈上升趋势,其中H₂O₂含量上升趋势较单一干旱胁迫缓慢,说明黄腐酸处理后使干旱胁迫下雾培马铃薯幼苗的生长发育得到了促进,减轻了干旱胁迫对幼苗造成的伤害,提高了植株的整体抗旱性,而这种抗性与黄腐酸浓度呈明显相关性,0.05％ FA对植株的的保护效应最显著,而0.10％ FA则协同PEG加剧了对幼苗的伤害作用。