南瓜饲养榕树粉蚧的发育历期与生物学特征初报

榕树粉蚧是一种重要的入侵害虫,对果蔬和园林植物存在巨大的潜在威胁.为满足开展检疫处理、防控、生物学和生理学等研究的需要,本研究以南瓜为饲养材料,在室温条件下(26±1℃,RH 65％±5％)观察榕树粉蚧的生物学特性与发育历期.结果 表明,榕树粉蚧具有典型的雌雄二型现象.雄虫主要经历卵、1～2龄若虫、预蛹、蛹、雄成虫阶段...     

玉米茎腐病拮抗放线菌的筛选及抑菌促生活性鉴定

以禾谷镰孢菌为靶标,采用稀释培养法和平板对峙法从采集的玉米连作土壤中分离筛选出具有拮抗活性的放线菌菌株,选取1株拮抗效果最佳的菌株进行形态学、生理生化特征和系统发育分析,并对其进行抑菌活性试验,挖掘对玉米茎腐病致病菌-禾谷镰孢(Fusarium graminearum)有较高拮抗效果的根际促生菌资源。结果表明,玉米连作土壤中分离得到5株禾谷镰孢菌拮抗菌株,其中菌株G1为高效拮抗菌株。经形态学、生理生化结合16S rDNA将菌株鉴定为公牛链霉菌(Streptomyces tauricus)。拮抗菌株G1发酵液对禾谷镰孢的菌丝生长和孢子萌发均有明显的抑制作用,具有分泌吲哚乙酸和异羟肟酸型铁载体的能力。公牛链霉菌G1在由禾谷镰孢病菌引起的玉米茎腐病防治中具有良好的应用开发潜力。     

生草栽培果园根系生长动态研究

通过对金太阳杏生草(紫花苜蓿)栽培与生长动态的研究表明,金太阳杏新根在1年中有2次明显的生长高峰,1次是在3～4月,占全年的37%以上,第二次在6月中下旬至7月上旬。而紫花苜蓿主要在7月中旬以后,两者在时间尺度也存在有差异,根据金太阳杏新根周年变化特点,掌握2个时期,即3月中旬和6月上中旬。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区退耕年限对根—土复合体抗剪强度的影响

"退耕还林(草)"工程的有效实施,导致黄土高原植被迅速恢复,势必会引起植物根系和土壤理化性质变化,影响根—土复合体抗剪强度。为探究植被恢复年限对根—土复合体抗剪强度的潜在影响,在陕西省安塞区纸坊沟小流域选择6个不同退耕年限(5,12,20,27,37,46年)的撂荒地和1个坡耕地,进行不同土层深度(0—10,10—20,20—30,30—40,40—50 cm)根—土复合体原位剪切试验,同时测定根系特性和土壤理化性质。结果表明,随着退耕年限增加,0—50 cm土层根—土复合体抗剪强度均值呈"S"形增大趋势(51.80～124.01 J/m~2),与坡耕地相比,抗剪强度依次增加2.5%,54.6%,48.7%,86.5%,139.4%和129.3%。除坡耕地外,随着土层深度增加,根系密度明显减少,根—土复合体抗剪强度逐渐下降。根—土复合体抗剪强度与土壤有机质含量、根长密度和根质量密度呈对数正相关关系,与团聚体稳定性和有效根密度呈线性正相关关系。通径分析表明,团聚体稳定性、根质量密度和有机质含量是影响根—土复合体抗剪强度的关键因素。研究结果为评估植被恢复的水土保持效益及生态服务功能、揭示根—土复合体抗剪强度随退耕年限变化的动力机制提供理论基础。     

利用12C6+重离子辐射和尖孢镰刀菌毒素筛选杂交兰抗茎腐病突变体

为创建抗茎腐病杂交兰资源,本研究以玉女兰类原球茎为材料,采用¹²C⁶⁺重离子辐射技术结合尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)粗毒素筛选抗茎腐病突变体。结果表明,经不同剂量¹²C⁶⁺重离子辐射后,玉女兰类原球茎的死亡率差异显著,辐射剂量为50 Gy时,死亡率为54.66%;尖孢镰刀菌粗毒素对玉女兰类原球茎存活率影响显著,当粗毒素滤液浓度为80%时,玉女兰类原球茎存活率为41.98%。采用逐步筛选法对经50 Gy¹²C⁶⁺辐射后的玉女兰类原球茎进行抗茎腐病筛选,获得14个抗性系类原球茎,筛选率为4.67%;对抗性系类原球茎进行分化、生根壮苗和移栽,获得3个抗性系Z50Gt₁、Z50Gt₂和Z50Gt₃。在含80%粗毒素滤液的培养基上抗性系类原球茎的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)的活性均高于对照,POD活性峰值比对照提高了867.67 U·g^-1·h^-1;丙二醛(MDA)含量呈现先高于对照,随着毒素胁迫时间的延长,转变为低于对照的趋势。对3个抗性系试管苗和小苗进行人工接种鉴定,结果表明,抗性系Z50Gt₂和Z50Gt₃的再生植株具有稳定的茎腐病抗性,2个抗病株系7个月大的盆栽植株病情指数分别为20.00%和19.33%,均为抗性级别。本研究结果为采用重离子辐射技术选育抗茎腐病杂交兰新品种奠定了基础。     

设施大棚间作玉米对丛枝菌根网络形成及辣椒疫病防治的影响

丛枝菌根（Arbuscular mycorrhizal,AM）真菌对辣椒疫病等土传病害具有生防潜力,但由于难以纯培养而未能实现规模化生产应用,如能调动土著AM真菌的抑病功能则对实际生产具有重要指导意义。依托重庆石柱辣椒科技园,研究设施大棚中间作玉米对土著AM真菌生长及辣椒疫病防治的影响。结果表明,与辣椒单作相比,间作玉米处理辣椒根系AM真菌侵染率、根际AM真菌数量与土壤磷酸酶活性以及小区作物养分总吸收量均显著提高,辣椒疫病发病率与病情指数、单株辣椒的磷吸收量及果实生物量均显著下降,其中种植密度更高的等垄宽间作处理两种作物根系AM真菌侵染率、小区玉米产量及作物养分总吸收量均显著高于等行距间作处理,辣椒疫病发病率与之正好相反。设施环境下间作玉米或能通过促进AM真菌生长及其对辣椒根系的侵染来增强其对辣椒疫病的防治功效,其中等垄宽间作处理具有更好的经济效益。     

植物根系对土壤团聚体形成作用机制研究回顾

土壤团聚体是土壤结构的基本单元,土壤水力侵蚀的微观描述即为土壤团聚体的破裂过程。研究表明:植物根系可以改变土壤的力学以及水文特征,促进土壤团聚体的形成和稳定。因此,对近20年国内外的相关研究成果进行较为系统的回顾,从根系对土壤团聚体的物理、生物、电化学作用3个研究视角,分析了植物根系对土壤团聚体形成的作用机制,提出了现有研究中存在的问题及研究趋势,这对深入认识植物根系对土壤团聚体的影响及其作用机制、发展根-土相互作用的土壤侵蚀过程模型具有重要的意义。     

Modern wheat cultivars have greater root nitrogen uptake efficiency than old cultivars

The availability of nitrogen (N) contained in crop residues for a following crop may vary with cultivar, depending on root traits and the interaction between roots and soil. We used a pot experiment to investigate the effects of six spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars (three old varieties introduced before mid last century and three modern varieties) and N fertilization on the ability of wheat to acquire N from maize (Zea mays L.) straw added to soil. Wheat was grown in a soil where ¹⁵N‐labeled maize straw had been incorporated with or without N fertilization. Higher grain yield in three modern and one old cultivar was ascribed to preferred allocation of photosynthate to aboveground plant parts and from vegetative organs to grains. Root biomass, root length density and root surface area were all smaller in modern than in old cultivars at both anthesis and maturity. Root mean diameter was generally similar between modern and old cultivars at anthesis but was greater in modern than in old cultivars at maturity. There were cultivar differences in N uptake from incorporated maize straw and the other N sources (soil and fertilizer). However, these differences were not related to variation in the measured root parameters among the six cultivars. At anthesis, total N uptake efficiencies by roots (total N uptake per root weight or root length) were greater in modern than in old cultivars within each fertilization level. At maturity, averaged over fertilization levels, the total N uptake efficiencies by roots were 292?336 mg N g^?1 roots or 3.2?4.0 mg N m^?1 roots for three modern cultivars, in contrast to 132?213 mg N g^?1 roots or 0.93?1.6 mg N m^?1 roots for three old cultivars. Fertilization enhanced the utilization of N from maize straw by all cultivars, but root N uptake efficiencies were less affected. We concluded that modern spring wheat cultivars had higher root N uptake efficiency than old cultivars.     

植物根系对土壤水力参数影响的定量研究综述

植物根系是土壤结构以及土壤水力参数变化的重要影响要素。目前不仅缺乏定量描述“根-孔隙-土壤水力参数”相互作用的研究方法,在更大尺度上根系作用的客观表达也尚不明确,由此导致降雨入渗、径流和蒸发等流域水文过程的精细刻画与模拟预测具有很大的不确定性。基于文献检索,本文对国内外相关研究进行了回顾与梳理,量化了植物根系对土壤水力参数的改变和影响,并提出其与植被、土壤类型的响应方式,总结了植物根系动态性生长下的土壤水力参数定量表述及其预测模型进展。同时分析了在定量研究根-土复合系统中存在的问题及未来研究的发展方向,指出目前根系影响土壤水力参数的研究主要集中在小尺度控制实验方面,忽略了大尺度下土壤空间异质性及外部环境因素的干扰,强调大尺度根系作用和根系参数纳入土壤结构的重要性和实际意义,进一步与水文模型的深度耦合逐渐成为未来研究的热点。     

Effect of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Phosphate-Solubilizing Bacteria Consortia Associated with Phospho-Compost on Phosphorus Solubilization and Growth of Tomato Seedlings (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

ABSTRACT

The exploitation of phosphate mines generates an important quantity of phosphate sludge that remains accumulated and not valorized. In this context, composting with organic matter and rhizospheric microorganisms offers an interesting alternative and that is more sustainable for agriculture. This work aims to investigate the synergetic effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) and phospho-compost (PC), produced from phosphate-laundered sludge and organic wastes, and their combination on plant growth, phosphorus solubilization and phosphatase activities (alkaline and acid). Inoculated mycorrhizae and bacteria strains used in this study were selected from plant rhizosphere grown on phosphate-laundered sludge. Significant (p < .05) increases in plant growth was observed when inoculated with both consortia and PC (PC+ PSB+ AMF) similar to those recorded in plants amended with chemical fertilizer. Tripartite inoculated tomato had a significantly (p < .05) higher shoot height; shoot and root dry weight, root colonization and available P content, than the control. Co-inoculation with PC and AMF greatly increased alkaline phosphatase activity and the rate of mycorrhizal intensity. We conclude that PC and endophytic AMF and PSB consortia contribute to a tripartite inoculation in tomato seedlings and are coordinately involved in plant growth and phosphorus solubilization. These results open up promising prospects for using formulate phospho-compost enriched with phosphorus-solubilizing microorganisms (PSM) in crop cultivation as biofertilizers to solve problems of phosphate-laundered sludge accumulation.