菜田常用杀虫剂对管侧沟茧蜂的毒性

利用生物测定方法,研究了菜田常用9种杀虫剂对管侧沟茧蜂成虫和茧(蛹)的毒性.结果表明:灭幼脲、拟太保和米满对管侧沟茧蜂成虫几乎没有毒性,功夫、辛硫磷和阿维菌素击倒快、毒性大;9种杀虫剂对管测沟茧蜂的羽化和成蜂寿命影响不大.     

Chemical time bombs related to forestry practice: Distribution and behaviour of pollutants in forest soils

Heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants from atmospheric deposition and from fertilizer and pesticide applications are important hazardous substances in forest soils. Data are presented showing that these substances preferentially accumulate in the upper humic horizons of the soils. Another group of substances to be considered in relation to the chemical time bomb concept are the components of humus and soil minerals, mainly nitrogen and metals, which May, be mobilized and thus threaten groundwater quality. Forestry management practices such as thinning, cropping, fertilization and liming are discussed as potential triggers for the mobilization of harmful substances. in this context, The turnover (build-up and mineralization) of organic matter plays a crucial part. It will be shown, however, that even more danger arises from soil acidification induced by the atmospheric deposition of acidifying pollutants such as sulphates and nitrates.     

Chemical dump sites in Poland

Recent political and other changes have made it more difficult to manage and control Poland's numerous chemical dump sites. Many previous owners and managers of these sites are no longer in charge and valuable data, collected and stored locally, May, be lost if a countrywide inventory is not made soon. Previously unnoticed surface and groundwater pollution will then increase significantly. Three maps are presented showing the amounts of generated and stored hazardous wastes and the number of chemical dump sites in Poland. Further information is needed on site verification. It is proposed that a computerized database, combining existing and supplementary information, should be developed to provide the decision-makers with a tool for establishing priorities for monitoring, protective measures and remedial action.     

河西走廊灌溉玉米田病虫草害发生和农药使用现状与减量对策

2017～2019年系统调查甘肃河西走廊地区灌溉春玉米田的病、虫、草害发生情况和生产中农药的投入情况及存在的问题,明确茎腐病(Pythium spp.Fusarium spp.)、普通锈病(Puccinia sorghi)和穗腐病(Fusarium spp)是重点病害,蚜虫(Rhopalosiphum spp)和红蜘蛛(Tetranychu cinnabarinusT. trtuncantusT. urticae)是重点害虫,狗尾草(Setaria viridis)、稗草(Echinochloa crus-galli)、藜(Chenopodium album)和反枝苋(Amaranthus retroflexus)是主要杂草。使用的农药有效成分至少33个,普遍存在生产者盲目加大农药使用频率和使用量,甚至超范围使用农药的现象。     

河北省设施西甜瓜化肥农药使用情况调查及分析

采用实地调研和问卷调查相结合的方法,对河北省5 个设施西甜瓜主产区化肥农药投入、病虫害发生种类及防治、 主要茬口生产投入等情况进行调查分析。结果表明：河北省设施西甜瓜化肥和农药过量施用、生产投入大的现象普遍;化学 药剂防治是病虫害防治的主要技术手段,农药使用品种最多达30 种;全生育期施用化肥折合氮磷钾纯养分含量分别平均为 25、15、30 kg ·（ 667 m²） ^-1;肥料农药仍为设施生产投入的主要组成部分。建议替代或减少化肥和农药的使用量,推广水肥 一体化、高温闷棚、嫁接育苗、蜜（熊）蜂授粉等技术,形成规范的减肥减药高效种植模式,提高化肥农药的利用率。     

茶皂素对农药的增效机理 Ⅱ.对药液接触角的影响

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茶叶农药残留检测技术概述

本文从国内外茶叶农残限量动态、样品前处理技术和检测技术等几个方面对目前茶叶农药残留检测技术的研究状况作了系统的介绍。     

草履蚧大龄若虫防治方法研究

采用6种杀虫剂对草履蚧大龄若虫进行田间防治试验,筛选出40%久效磷乳油、40%氧化乐果乳油原液涂干、25%扑虱灵可湿性粉剂1000倍液树干和树冠喷雾及3%呋喃丹颗粒剂150g/株根施杀虫效果明显。四者药后7d校正防效分别达95.0%,92.9%,76.0%和61.6%。     

中国苹果生产农药使用调查报告

选取96个主产区苹果园(其中,渤海湾地区61个,西北黄土高原地区35个)进行农药使用情况调查,明确了中国苹果生产中所用农药的品种、普遍使用的农药及农药使用的合理性。建议加强农药使用的指导监督和标准制修订,克服抗药性。     

Pesticides‐non target plants interactions: An overview

Pesticides are widely used for crop protection in agriculture, plantation and forestry. Pesticides, when sprayed or dusted in the fields, only a small amount fall directly on the target organisms due to the small size and mobility of the pests. Most of them come to the soil or to the plants by direct precipitation or spray drift. Plants growing in the contaminated soil take up these chemicals along with water and mineral nutrients and translocate them to the aerial parts. Pesticides fallen on the leaf surface may find their way inside through leaf cuticle, stomata, hydrathodes, lenticels or tissues in the bark. Several factors influence pesticide uptake by plants. Pesticides are highly toxic chemicals and may not be absolutely specific in their actions. Impact of pesticide on plant depends upon its absorption, translocation and metabolism within the plant. Pesticides are usually detoxified in plants through series of degradation reactions and conjugation processes forming bound or insoluble residues. Failing to do so, plants show phytotoxic effects. Pesticides may affect different physiological processes in plants vital to their normal growth. They may also alter genetic materials in plants inducing gene mutation, chromosomal aberrations and chromosome break influencing their physiology and growth. Interaction of pesticides and their degradation products with non‐target plants is discussed here on different areas of research that are of particular interest in the context of this discussion.