茶叶农药残留检测技术概述

本文从国内外茶叶农残限量动态、样品前处理技术和检测技术等几个方面对目前茶叶农药残留检测技术的研究状况作了系统的介绍。     

施用农药福美胂对苹果果园砷污染的研究

 重金属元素砷是果品质量安全的重要控制对象之一。为了解苹果生产过程中砷元素的残留污染情况，为其污染控制提供依据，对连续使用福美胂农药5年的苹果园的果实、叶片、枝干、根系及土壤中的砷含量进行了调查。结果表明，果树喷施或主干涂抹福美胂均不同程度提高了树体各部位和果园土壤中的砷元素含量，其中叶片、主枝皮部、主干皮部和浅层主根（0～40 cm）中的砷含量较高，果实中砷含量也有所增加。喷施处理显著提高了叶片和主枝中的砷含量，使表层土壤（0～20 cm）砷含量也明显提高；涂抹处理显著提高了主干和主枝皮部的砷含量，果实中的砷含量也明显高于对照。涂抹处理的树体砷总累积量高于喷施处理，且地上部分砷总累积量均高于地下部分；各器官中，浅层主根是砷残留累积的主要部位。使用福美胂对苹果园的砷污染表现出持效期长、范围广的特点。     

“无公害食品行动计划”与农药的发展方向

食品安全问题已成为一个世界性问题,受到世界各国的普遍关注,成为各国贸易保护的重要手段。农药是农产品污染的重要来源之一,农业部2001年4月启动的“无公害食品计划”促进了绿色环保农药的发展。     

梨园梨小食心虫的发生规律及其防治技术研究

在石家庄梨园,调查了梨园梨小食心虫成虫和卵的发生规律,并进行了化学药剂防治试验。结果表明：成虫1 a出现5个高峰期,分别为4月中旬、5月底～6月初、6月底～7月上旬、7月底～8月初和8月底～9月初,以最后2个峰值较高;梨果从6月底7月初开始着卵,到梨采收时仍有卵发生。用48%乐斯本2 000～2 500倍液、4.5%高效氯氰菊酯乳剂2 000倍液、2.5%溴氰菊酯2 000～2 500倍液喷施,防治效果均较好,虫果率控制在1.31%～4.13%。并对梨小食心虫的综合防治提出了一些建议。     

气相色谱-质谱法测定农药中14种有机氯·有机磷成分

[目的]建立一种同时测定农药产品中14种有机氯、有机磷成分的气相色谱-质谱法。[方法]农药样品用丙酮溶解,经有机滤膜过滤后,采用气相色谱-质谱法测定农药中14种有机氯、有机磷成分。[结果]该方法平均加标回收率在75．24％～101．27％,相对标准偏差在0．55％～8．08％。该方法检出限除甲胺磷为0．5mg／L外,其他13种有机氯、有机磷成分均为0．1mg／L。[结论]该测定方法的建立为制定农药中有机氯、有机磷农药成分检测标准提供了参考。     

三种药剂对烟草黑胫病防治效果研究

[目的]探讨有效防治烟草黑胫病的药剂。[方法]比较寡雄腐霉菌、烯酰吗啉和精甲霜灵·代森锰锌对烟草黑胫病的防治效果。[结果]用菌丝生长速率法测定寡雄腐酶菌对烟草黑胫病菌丝EC50为0.113μg/ml,烯酰吗啉EC50为0.713μg/ml;田间防治效果显示,寡雄腐霉菌显示出良好的防治效果(64.07%),与精甲霜·锰锌(65.35%)差异不显著,且略高于烯酰吗啉(63.85%)。[结论]寡雄腐霉菌能显著降低烟草黑胫病的发病率和病情指数,显示出良好的防治效果。     

几种新型杀虫剂对小麦害虫的防治效果

采用黑光灯、病虫净等几种新型杀虫剂在小麦不同生育期出现的不同虫害防治,并进行方差分析和差异显著性比较检验,结果表明,各药剂间杀虫效果差异显著。     

大米中有机磷和氨基甲酸酯农药残留检测方法研究

应用石英毛细管气相色谱法,利用高灵敏氮磷检测器,用乙腈和丙酮提取样品,建立了一种快速测定大米中有机磷和氨基甲酸酯8种农药残留的方法.结果表明,该方法的最低检出浓度为0.002～0.009 mg/kg.添加量为0.004～O.007mg/kg时,添加回收率为84.3%～120.0%,相对标准偏差为4.1%～11.5%.该方法能同时测定大米中的有机磷和氨基甲酸酯类农药,具有灵敏度高、分离效果好、回收率高、变异系数小、检出限低的特点.     

Does soil ergosterol concentration provide a reliable estimate of soil fungal biomass?

Our aim was to determine if soil ergosterol concentration provides a quantitative estimate of the soil fungal biomass concentration, as is usually assumed. This was done by comparing soil ergosterol measurements with soil fungal biomass (fungal biomass C) concentrations estimated by microscopic measurements and by the selective inhibition technique linked to substrate-induced respiration (SIR). The measurements were compared in a silty-clay loam soil given a range of previous treatments designed to increase or decrease the soil fungal biomass and so also to change the soil ergosterol concentration. The treatments used were ryegrass amendment, to increase the total and fungal biomass, and CHCl₃-fumigation and the addition of the biocides, captan, bronopol and dinoseb, to decrease both ergosterol and fungal biomass C concentrations. The mineralization of ergosterol following addition to sand innoculated with soil extract, and to a sandy loam soil, was also determined. The added ergosterol was little, if at all, degraded following addition to either sand or the unfumigated or fumigated soil during a 10 d aerobic incubation. Similarly, pesticide addition did not significantly change soil ergosterol concentrations yet the soil fungal biomass C concentration decreased significantly. Thus, the ratio: (soil ergosterol concentration/soil fungal biomass C concentration) was much higher in the pesticide-treated soils than the control soil. Following ryegrass amendment, soil ergosterol concentration increased from about 6-12 μg⁻¹ soil within 5 d and then decreased gradually to about 7 μg g⁻¹ soil by 20 d incubation. Changes in fungal biomass C (measured by direct microscopy) closely mirrored changes in soil ergosterol over this period. However, when the amended soil was fumigated and then incubated for a further 5 d, the initial ergosterol concentration declined from 7 to 5 μg g⁻¹ soil by 20 d incubation (a decline of about 0.4). The comparable decline in fungal biomass C was about eight-fold. Thus the ratio of ergosterol to fungal biomass C increased from 0.005 to about 0.01. There was a significant correlation (r>0.84, P<0.001) between soil ergosterol concentration and fungal biomass measured by either SIR or microscopy. However, three data points played a vital role in the correlation. When these points were excluded the relationship was very poor (r<0.4). Our results therefore suggest that substantial amounts of ergosterol may exist, other than in living cells, for considerable periods, with little, if any mineralization. Thus, these results indicate that ergosterol and fungal biomass C concentrations are not always closely correlated, due to the slow metabolism of ergosterol in recently dead fugal biomass and/or the existence of exocellular ergosterol in soil.     

Effects of pentachlorophenol and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid on the microflora of the soil in a beech wood

Summary Every second month for 2 years a beech forest floor was treated with pentachlorophenol and 2,4,5-trichorophenoxyacetic acid each in two concentrations. The microbial biomass and its respiration activity in the three litter horizons were measured during this time and during a recovery period of 2 years after the treatment was stopped. The microbial biomass, mainly fungi, was decreased dose-responsively, as was the respiration rate. The doubling time of the fungal biomass was estimated to be about 50–100 days in the F horizon, and considering the natural decreases and recovery times observed, it is suggested, following Domsch et al. (1983), that a biomass decrease of 75%–93.75% is tolerable, a decrease of less than 75% is negligible, and a decrease of over 93.75% is critical.