现代农业农药使用量控制措施探析

通过对植保统防统治、病虫测报技术以及农业、物理、生物和化学综合病虫草害防控技术措施的介绍,详细阐述了现代农业病虫草害防治过程中减少农药使用量的具体方法,为农产品农药残留的控制提供了借鉴。     

葡萄酒中农药残留的色谱分析法研究进展

概述了目前应用于研究检测葡萄酒中农药残留的色谱分析方法的研究进展,主要分析方法包括:气相色谱(GC)分析法、液相色谱(HPLC)分析法、气相色谱-质谱联用(GC/MS)分析法、液相色谱-质谱联用(HPLC/MS)分析法。并对目前葡萄酒农药残留的现状进行了分析。     

CTMAB-膨润土对水溶液中4种农药的吸附特性

用溴化十六烷基三甲铵(CTMAB) 制得改性膨润土, 研究了CTMAB-膨润土吸附水中甲萘威、甲基对硫磷、克百威、多菌灵的性能和适宜条件。结果表明: CTMAB-膨润土对水溶液中4 种农药有较强的吸附能力, 且与CTMAB 在膨润土上的实际交换量有关, 随着表面活性剂浓度的增大而增大; 但CTMAB 浓度≥4% 时, 实际发生吸附的农药就不再随着加入量的增加而增大。4 种农药的吸附等温线呈线性, 表明分配模式是主要的吸附形式。有机膨润土对4 种农药的吸附很快, 大部分农药在10 m in 内被吸附。pH 值变化对吸附有不同的影响, 并与农药性质有关: 低pH 值会降低有机农药的吸附量, 4 种农药在pH4～ 10 时吸附量较稳定,高pH 值导致多菌灵的吸附量增加, 而甲萘威、甲基对硫磷和克百威有分解现象。     

含稠杂环新农药的研究进展

对近年来稠杂环化合物在农业中的应用作了较为详细的综述 ,按照不同的杂环结构进行分类 ,着重从化学合成和生物活性两方面进行讨论 ,并提出了其发展方向。     

The environmental yardstick for pesticides: a practical indicator used in the Netherlands

The environmental yardstick for pesticides has been developed as a tool for farmers to select pesticides with the least environmental impact and to quantify the impact of their use at the crop/farm level, regional level and national level. For each pesticide the yardstick assigns environmental impact points for the risk to water organisms, the risk of groundwater contamination and the risk to soil organisms. It is presently used in the Netherlands as a management tool for farmers and technical consultants, as a tool for monitoring the environmental performance of farmers, as a tool for setting standards for ecolabels and as a policy evaluation tool.     

20种药剂对蔬菜主要害虫的防效比较

依据甜菜夜蛾年发生代数较少,主要依靠幼虫的突发性暴食引发灾害,防治时应选能杀灭当代幼虫的高效农药,盛期用抑太保、米满;盛末期用乐斯本、凯撒、灭多威等农药;小菜蛾年发生代数较多,主要依靠幼虫数量的突发性高涨引发灾害,防治时应选能抑制幼虫的数量增长的持效农药,初期用阿维菌素、BT;盛期用乐斯本等农药.     

Effects of agricultural landscape and pesticides on parasitism in native bullfrogs

Native amphibian populations are shrinking worldwide, and both parasitic infections and environmental stress from agriculture have been implicated. We investigated the principal hypothesis that environmental by-products of agricultural activity mediate parasitism in native frogs. Bullfrogs were collected from wetlands with variable landscape disturbance and water quality and examined for helminth parasites. We predicted that pesticide pollution and landscape development would be significant factors shaping the parasite communities and populations. Parasite diversity and species richness were lower in wetlands impacted by both pesticides and land use. Two parasite groups, direct life-cycle nematodes and echinostomes, were common in polluted habitats, potentially increasing frog pathology and mortality risk. In areas with agricultural landscape and reduced forest cover, parasite diversity and species richness were low, perhaps because of less parasite transmission from birds and mammals. This result suggests that land development limits terrestrial vertebrate access to wetlands. Our results indicate that parasite abundance and community structure in wetlands are influenced by factors operating locally within the wetland and more broadly in the surrounding landscape. We suggest that parasite communities in amphibians are effective indicators of ecosystem health and animal biodiversity, and thus useful tools for conservation biology.     

农药对茶园节肢动物群落结构稳定性的影响

在崂山茶区采用植株拍打法调查了施药和不施药茶园节肢动物的种类和数量。结果表明,施药茶园与不施药茶园相比,节肢动物种类减少12.8%,个体数增加4.13倍,其中个体数增加最多的种类是黑刺粉虱。茶园施药对节肢动物影响最大的类群是蜘蛛,施药次数越多,蜘蛛数量越少。在经常施用农药的生产茶园,几乎没有天敌的活动。在不施用农药的茶园,节肢动物物种丰富度、多样性指数和均匀性指数均明显大于施药茶园,说明其群落结构稳定性较大,不易出现害虫爆发现象。     

茶叶农药残留检测技术概述

本文从国内外茶叶农残限量动态、样品前处理技术和检测技术等几个方面对目前茶叶农药残留检测技术的研究状况作了系统的介绍。     

河北省设施西甜瓜化肥农药使用情况调查及分析

采用实地调研和问卷调查相结合的方法,对河北省5 个设施西甜瓜主产区化肥农药投入、病虫害发生种类及防治、 主要茬口生产投入等情况进行调查分析。结果表明：河北省设施西甜瓜化肥和农药过量施用、生产投入大的现象普遍;化学 药剂防治是病虫害防治的主要技术手段,农药使用品种最多达30 种;全生育期施用化肥折合氮磷钾纯养分含量分别平均为 25、15、30 kg ·（ 667 m²） ^-1;肥料农药仍为设施生产投入的主要组成部分。建议替代或减少化肥和农药的使用量,推广水肥 一体化、高温闷棚、嫁接育苗、蜜（熊）蜂授粉等技术,形成规范的减肥减药高效种植模式,提高化肥农药的利用率。