福州蔬菜基地土壤中有机氯农药污染特征及其风险评价

采用气相色谱检测法和尼梅罗综合污染指数法,对福州市蔬菜基地69个土壤样品中有机氯农药(OCPs)残留量、组成特征进行分析和风险评价。结果表明,OCPs检出率为100%,质量分数范围为4.63～375μg/kg,平均值为92.6μg/kg;滴滴涕(DDTs)检出率和残留量最高,检出率达100%,质量分数范围为4.63～298μg/kg,平均值为55.7μg/kg。土壤中OCPs主要污染物为DDTs、六六六(HCHs),且以代谢产物为主,无新污染源进入。土壤中OCPs综合污染指数为0.100～0.432,为最低1级,符合无公害蔬菜生产环境质量标准,对哺乳动物的风险较低,但个别蔬菜基地土壤中DDTs残留量对该区域鸟类和土壤微生物可能有潜在风险。     

茶皂素对农药的增效机理 Ⅲ.对药液沉积量的影响

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油菜蚜虫防控技术研究

[目的]筛选适宜云南主要油菜产区的抗（耐）蚜虫品种及经济有效环保的防治药剂。[方法]对22份云南主推品种、国内新育成品种及核心育种材料进行6种抗蚜虫药剂的药效试验。[结果]云油双1号、花油4号、云花油早熟1号、A35等品种抗蚜性较好,播种时施用地蚜灵预防,花角期交替使用烯啶虫胺和吡虫啉等药剂防治。[结论]该研究结果为油菜产业的可持续发展提供了重要技术保障。     

几种杀虫剂对玉米螟的防治效果研究

研究了几种杀虫剂对玉米螟的防治效果。结果表明,20%乙酰甲胺磷乳油5 400g/hm2,4 050g/hm2和3%辛硫磷颗粒剂效果较好;优打可湿性粉剂和20%乙酰甲胺磷乳油2 700g/hm2效果较差;建议在生产中优先选用20%乙酰甲胺磷乳油5 400g/hm2,4 050g/hm2喷雾或3%辛硫磷颗粒剂丢心防治玉米螟。也可把优打可湿性粉剂与3%辛硫磷颗粒剂或20%乙酰甲胺磷混用,以提高防治效果和降低农药残留。     

Quantifying the sustainability of agriculture

The rural sustainability index is a scientifically based tool to quantify the performance of agriculture. The sustainability of crop production is quantified from three perspectives; people, planet and profit. Within each perspective, one condition was selected that must be met to warrant agriculture. These are: No hazardous work should be used within the crop production chain; agricultural crops should not be grown on land allocated to nature by national law or regulations and, when a GM-crop is present or is introduced in a region, it should not harm development opportunities of other farmers. If these excluding conditions are met, the sustainability of agriculture is assessed through five performance indicators on school attendance, water use and consumption, fertilizer use, pesticide use, and farm income. For each of the five indicators, critical values and target values have been given that limit the transition range between non-sustainable and sustainable production. The five indicators are combined into a sustainability index. The index aims at improving the socio-economic position of farmers while protecting the environment.

朱砂叶螨抗药性与羧酸酯酶活性的关系

羧酸酯酶是昆虫体内普遍存在的一种水解酶。昆虫对多数有机磷、氨基甲酸酯及有些菊酯类杀虫剂产生抗性羧酸酯酶活性有关[1～2]。桃蚜(Muscapersicae)对有机磷的抗性与其体内所含酯酶活力呈正相关,E4酯酶的量随着抗性程度的增加而呈几何级数上升[3]。棉蚜(Aphisgossypii)对对硫磷和对氧磷产生抗性后,α-乙酸萘酯酶活力分别增加15.25倍和60.30倍[4]。本文研究了朱砂叶螨(Tetranychuscinnabarinus)对氧化乐果(有机磷)、三氯杀螨醇(有机氯)、双甲脒(有机氮)及哒螨灵(杂环类)的抗性与羧酸酯酶的关系。1　材料与方法1.1　供试叶螨在人工气象室内…     

Farmers’ knowledge, perceptions and management of vegetable pests and diseases in Botswana

Vegetable farmers’ knowledge and perceptions of pests, diseases and pest management practices were investigated by interviewing 112 growers in Botswana between April and June 2004. Most of the farmers grew brassicae crops, Swiss chard and tomato, and considered arthropod pest problems as the major constraint to vegetable production. Bagrada hilaris Burm., Plutella xylostella L. and Brevicoryne barassicae L. were the most serious pests on brassicas, with red spidermites (Tetranychus spp.) being the most serious pests on tomato. Ninety-eight percent of farmers relied heavily on the use of synthetic pesticides to control these pests. Their decision to apply pesticides was mostly on noticing the presence of a pest or disease. An integrated pest management programme is needed to reduce over reliance on pesticides.     

“How to” and “why”: assessing the enviro–social impacts of pesticides

A typology is proposed to distinguish among three quite different types and applications for pesticide impact assessment tools (which are also known as “pesticide risk indicators”): (1) decision support systems for farmers and other property managers; (2) “ecolabeling” or “green labeling” systems designed to influence consumer opinion and market behavior; and (3) indicators of impact and risk used by governments, industry and academia to assess policies and programs. These types are differentiated by their objectives, decision makers, factors or variables considered, arena of activity, scale and unit of analysis, handling of an economic dimension, format of results, and method or approach.     

浅谈农药乳油制剂面临的挑战

随着人类环境保护意识的增强,农药乳油制剂中使用大量的有机溶剂带来的安全和环保问题逐渐为人们所认识,农药乳油制剂面临着生死挑战。发展高质量浓度的乳油产品及开发天然植物源溶剂取代传统芳烃类有机溶剂。是农药乳油制剂的必然发展出路。     

“无公害食品行动计划”与农药的发展方向

食品安全问题已成为一个世界性问题,受到世界各国的普遍关注,成为各国贸易保护的重要手段。农药是农产品污染的重要来源之一,农业部2001年4月启动的“无公害食品计划”促进了绿色环保农药的发展。